Glossary of Historical Terms

All eras of history have their own terms and words unique to them; if you’re lucky, they’ll even be in a language you speak. But the act of studying history has a range of terms too, and this page will explain the historiographical terms used both throughout the site, and the books students commonly need. Read these  tips for writing a history paper. History Terms From A to Z Archive: A collection of documents and records. Archives can be huge and take years to adequately master (or, in the case of some museums, even longer), and they can just be small but deliberate groupings of material. They are the homes of the previous generation of historians but are increasingly going online. ​Autobiography: An individuals account of their life. The auto part means that individual has had major input, if not writing it themselves, but this doesn’t mean the work will be historically accurate. The historian will have to judge that, but it does mean it’s the past as the individual wishes it to be remembered.Bibliography: A list of works, including books, journals, and essays, on a particular subject. Most serious historical works have a bibliography of what was used to create it, and most students and readers are encouraged to use it as a basis for exploration.Biography: An account of an individuals life, written by another person. This might be a historian, it might be a hack selling tawdry rumors and needs to be assessed just as carefully as an autobiography.Book Review: A critical examination of a text, usually including a summary of the work and opposing views. Journalistic book reviews will tend to focus on whether the book is good, academic book reviews will tend to place the book in the context of the field (and whether it’s good.)Context: The background and specific circumstances of a subject, such as an authors lifestyle, or the weather during a car crash. Context is absolutely everything when it comes to analyzing  a document, or setting the scene for your essay.Discipline: The study, or practice, of a subject using a specific set of methods, terms, and approaches. History is a discipline, as is Archaeology, Chemistry or Biology.Encyclopedia: A written reference work, composed of informative articles arranged alphabetically. These can either focus on a particular subject or, in the case of the Encyclopaedi a Britannica, on everything. The more an encyclopedia covers, the less depth it tends to have, so volumes specific to your target subject are the goal.History: Either the study of the past or the product of our attempts to understand the past. See ‘the Past’ below for the full explanation.Historian: An individual who studies the past.Historiography: Either the methods and principles used in the study of history or the written result.Interdisciplinary: The study, or practice, of a subject which applies the methods and approaches of several disciplines. For instance, while History, Literature, and Archaeology are separate disciplines, they can be combined.Journal: A periodical which normally deals with a specific issue, for instance, National Geographic. By periodical, we mean a sort of magazine.Past, The: Events which happened previously in time. It might sound strange to have ‘history’ and ‘the past’ meaning different things, but the distinctio n is important when you remember that all our attempts to narrate and explain earlier events are affected by our own biases and difficulties of time and transmission. What historians have done is used ‘The Past’ as a base point: this is what happened, this is what most people think of as history. Historians then consider ‘history’ as the product of our attempts to recreate the past.Primary Sources: Material from, or directly related to, the past. In History, primary sources are usually letters, records or other documents created during the period that is being studied, such as diaries, legal notices or accounts. However, primary sources can include photographs, jewelry, and other items.Reference Work: A text, usually in the form of a dictionary or encyclopedia which contains facts and information, but not normally discussions.Secondary Sources: Material created by somebody removed from the event being studied - who was either not at the event, or was workin g later. For instance, all history textbooks are secondary sources.

Discover the Code-Breaking History of the Rosetta Stone

The Rosetta Stone, which is housed in the British Museum, is a black, possibly basalt slab with three languages on it (Greek, demotic and hieroglyphs) each saying the same thing. Because the words are translated into the other languages, it provided Jean-Francois Champollion the key to the mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Discovery of the Rosetta Stone Discovered at Rosetta (Raschid) in 1799, by Napoleons army, the Rosetta Stone proved the key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs. The person who found it was Pierre Francois-Xavier Bouchards, a French officer of engineers. It was sent to the Institut dEgypte in Cairo and then taken to London in 1802. Rosetta Stone Content The British Museum describes the Rosetta Stone as a priestly decree affirming the cult of 13-year-old Ptolemy V. The Rosetta Stone tells of an agreement between Egyptian priests and the pharaoh on March 27, 196 B.C. It names honors bestowed on Macedonian Pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes. After praising the pharaoh for his generosity, it describes the siege of Lycopolis and the kings good deeds for the temple. The text continues with its main purpose: establishing a cult for the king. Related Meaning for the Term Rosetta Stone The name Rosetta Stone is now applied to just about any type of key used to unlock a mystery. Even more familiar may be a popular series of computer-based language-learning programs using the term Rosetta Stone as a registered trademark. Among its growing list of languages is Arabic, but, alas, no hieroglyphs. Physical Description of the Rosetta Stone From the Ptolemaic Period, 196 B.C.Height: 114.400 cm (max.)Width: 72.300 cmThickness: 27.900 cmWeight: about 760 kilograms (1,676 lb.). Location of the Rosetta Stone Napoleons army found the Rosetta Stone, but they surrendered it to the British who, led by Admiral Nelson, had defeated the French at the Battle of the Nile. The French capitulated to the British at Alexandria in 1801 and as terms of their surrender, handed over the artifacts they had unearthed, chiefly the Rosetta Stone and a sarcophagus traditionally (but subject to dispute) attributed to Alexander the Great. The British Museum has housed the Rosetta Stone since 1802, except for the years 1917-1919 when it was temporarily moved underground to prevent possible bomb damage. Prior to its discovery in 1799, it had been in the town of el-Rashid (Rosetta), in Egypt. Languages of the Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone is inscribed in 3 languages: Demotic (the everyday script, used to write documents),Greek (the language of Ionian Greeks, an administrative script), andHieroglyphs (for priestly business). Deciphering the Rosetta Stone No one could read hieroglyphs at the time of the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, but scholars soon pieced out a few phonetic characters in the demotic section, which, by comparison with the Greek, were identified as proper names. Soon proper names in the hieroglyphic section were identified because they were circled. These circled names are called cartouches. Jean-Francois Champollion (1790-1832) was said to have learned enough Greek and Latin by the time he was 9-years-old to read Homer and Vergil (Virgil). He studied Persian, Ethiopic, Sanskrit, Zend, Pahlevi, and Arabic, and worked on a Coptic dictionary by the time he was 19. Champollion finally found the key to translating the Rosetta Stone in 1822, published in Lettre à   M. Dacier.

The Differences in Josephine and Mrs. Mallard of Kate...

The Differences in Josephine and Mrs. Mallard of Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour Free! Body and soul free!, Mrs. Mallard kept whispering. One persons ultimate freedom may be seen as a tragedy to another. Kate Chopin illustrates this idea in The Story of an Hour. The story is set in the nineteenth century. Chopin uses the death of Mr. Mallard to show the reader Mrs. Mallards deep feelings. In the story, Josephine and Mrs. Mallard are sisters. Although the women come from the same background, live in the same city, and outwardly appear to be satisfied with their lives, their attitudes are very different. Chopin uses these two women as foil characters in the story. The differences in the women are seen in their reactions to†¦show more content†¦Mallard lets the reader know she feels imprisoned by her life as Mrs. Mallard, Mr. Mallards wife. Mrs. Mallard feels stifled and bound by her limited opportunities. Josephine and Mrs. Mallard may be sisters, but they have very different outlooks on a womans role in society. The differences in Josephine and Mrs. Mallard are evident in their reactions to the news of Mr. Mallards death. Josephine cannot find a ray of hope in Mr. Mallards death. She is overwhelmed with sadness. She is very careful how she tells Mrs. Mallard of her husbands death. Josephine uses broken sentences and veiled hints when telling Mrs. Mallard of Mr. Mallards death. Josephine knows that Mrs. Mallard depends on her husband for everything. However, Mrs. Mallards reaction to the news is very different. Mrs. Mallard loves her husband. She is saddened by the news, but she is able to see into the future. She is able to see a future with color and brightness. Mrs. Mallard feels set free from bondage. She no longer sees a world of restrictions but a world of opportunity and adventure. Her husbands death brings revival to her soul. Chopin says, Mrs. Mallard is drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window. The news of Mr. Mallards death is tragic but brings very different reac tions from Josephine and Mrs. Mallard. At the end of the story, when Mr. Mallard enters his house, Josephine and Mrs. Mallard respond very distinctly. JosephineShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1540 Words   |  7 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, the main character, Mrs. Louise Mallard, is a woman with a heart problem that gets horrifying news that her husband has passed away in a train crash. When she starts thinking about her freedom, she gets excited; she is happy to start her new, free life. However, a few hours later her husband walks in the door and she finds out it was all a mistake. When she realizes her freedom is gone her heart stop and she then dies. In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† Desiree is an orphanedRead MoreThe Power Of Freedom By Kate Chopin1279 Words   |  6 Pagestwo authors that were discussed in EFL 095 that use the theme of freedom in their short stories. First of all, there is Kate Chopin’s thousand word short story, â€Å"The Stor y of an Hour,† which has understandably become a favorite selection for collections of short stories as well as for anthologies of American literature (Berkove 1). â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† describes the personal circumstances of Kate Chopin’s life after the death of her husband, which opened up the door to develop her talent in writingRead MoreCompare and Contrast - Story of an Hour and Astronomers Wife648 Words   |  3 PagesCompare and Contrast Story of an Hour and Astronomers Wife It is a very difficult task for women to live a content life while in a despondent marriage. Though it has been done, it is simply no easy task. In the short stories Story of an hour, and Astronomers Wife Kate Chopin and Kay Boyle both suggests to their readers that a woman needs a man to connect with her physically to be happy. The two stories both share the thesis that women are being held back by their husbands and thereRead More Struggles for Release2198 Words   |  9 Pages The two American short stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne both portrays a similar theme. The two protagonists in both short stories suffer mental or emotional torture and was trap in a literary cage. In addition, both characters in the stories meet death in the end, and that death symbolizes their freedom from the world and society that was grasping on to them. A main topic of American short stories that constantly show s up since the earlierRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1150 Words   |  5 PagesKate Chopin’s work â€Å"The Story of An Hour†, is a short story focusing on the death of Mrs. Mallard’s husband, who supposedly died in a tragic train wreck. Upon hearing the news of her husband’s death, she strangely didn’t respond the way many loving wives would. Mrs. Mallard’s response showed the realization of how this death would affect her future life. Although Mrs. Mallard realizes that she will grieve her adoring spouse s passing, however she likewise predicts numerous years of opportunity,Read MoreThe Story of an Hour and A Pair of Silk Stockings Essay example1299 Words   |  6 Pagesin life. Realism is represented in Kate Chopins short stories The Story of an Hour and A Pair of Silk Stockings. In both the short stories, the main characters get to face a dream/fantasy that they’ve always wanted to encounter; something rare that la sted only for a short amount of time. The freedom that each character got was some sort of new freedom that they never experienced before. For example in The Story of an Hour, the main character Louise Mallards is feels oppressed because she cantRead MoreStory of an Hour by Lawrence L. Berkove3379 Words   |  14 Pagesâ€Å"Fatal Self-Assertion in Kate Chopins ‘The Story of an Hour.’† American Literary Realism 32, no. 2 (winter 2000): 152-58. [In the following essay, Berkove contends that Chopins narration of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is ironic rather than straightforward.] Kate Chopins thousand-word short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† has understandably become a favorite selection for collections of short stories as well as for anthologies of American literature. Few other stories say so much in so few wordsRead MoreGender Roles and Marriage Essay1997 Words   |  8 PagesThe examination of gender roles and marriage are seen through the following short stories The Story of an Hour, The Necklace, and Country Lovers, along with scholarly articles based on gender role and marriage. Evaluation of these literary works shows quite clearly that social and economic class affects choice in marriage. Gardiner’s County Lovers presents its fairly clear theme right from the beginning of the story. Yes, there is a theme of race, but if you look even deeper you can see the underlyingRead MoreRelationships in Cathedral and the Story of an Hour1968 Words   |  8 PagesCathedral and The Story of an Hour Relationships are easy to make, but not necessarily easy to maintain. There are many events in a person’s individual life that has an impact on the way they treat or interact with another person. In Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† there are significant similarities and differences between the three couples. Given the time period that these stories were written there are many more similarities than differences. One of the

Elton Mayo Contribution to Management and Hr in Particular.

DISCUSS THE CONTRIBUTION OF ELTON MAYO TO MANAGEMENT IN GENERAL AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARTICULAR. The Hawthorne Experiments and Human Behavior Elton Mayos studies grew out of preliminary experiments at the Hawthorne plant from 1924 to 1927 on the effect of light on productivity. Those experiments showed no clear connection between productivity and the amount of illumination but researchers began to wonder what kind of changes would influence output. Variables Affecting Productivity Specifically, Elton Mayo wanted to find out what effect fatigue and monotony had on job productivity and how to control them through such variables as rest breaks, work hours, temperature and humidity. In the process, he stumbled upon a principle†¦show more content†¦The workplace is a social system. The researchers came to view the workplace as a social system made up of interdependent parts. The worker is a person whose attitudes and effectiveness are conditioned by social demands from both inside and outside the work plant. Informal group within the work plant exercise strong social controls over the work habits and attitudes of the individual worker. The need for recognition, security and sense of belonging is more important in determining workers morale and productivity than the physical conditions under which he works. The major finding of the study was that almost regardless of the experimental manipulation, worker production seemed to continually improve. One reasonable conclusion is that the workers were happy to receive attention from the researchers who expressed an interest in them. Originally, the study was expected to last one year, but since the findings were inexplicable when the researchers tried to relate the workers efficiency to manipulated physical conditions, the project was incrementally extended to five years. Conclusions on Job Performance Elton Mayo came to the following conclusions as a result of the study: The aptitudes of individuals are imperfect predictors of job performance. Although theyShow MoreRelatedHrm Growth in India2717 Words   |  11 Pagesprofession - Per. Management (PM)    Shift in focus towards Professionalisation of MGT.-Massive thrust to heavy industry (II-Five Year Plan) amp; accelerated growth of public sector in Indian economy 1970s-Shift in Professional Values - Focus from welfare to focus on Efficiency    1980s-New Technologies, HRM challenges, HRD- Talk of Professionals 1980s-IIPM and NILM merged, birth of National Institute of Personnel Management (NIPM)1990- ASPM (USA) change to Society for Human Resource Management 1990s-EmphasisRead Morehuman resourse Essay1773 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Communication: Human Resource Management: Introduction H1KP 34 Outcome 1 Candidate Name: Wang Danyang Grade and Class: 2012 Business Management E1 Table of Contents Cover Page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2 1. The Definition and Discrimination of HRM and PM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 1.1 The Definition of Human Resource Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 1.2 The Definition of Personal Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Read MoreExecutive Summary : Human Resource Management3525 Words   |  15 PagesExecutive summary Human resource management is the process of managing human as resources for some organization. It is an important concept for most of the business organization. The model given by the Guest is based on the notion that human resource management is somehow different from other personnel management, so it is most popular among the business organizations. A strategic approach is important for most of the organizations as it works as the legal framework of that organization .It definesRead MoreDo Employees Care About Corporate Responsibility?3795 Words   |  16 Pagesengagement has only become popular in the last 20 years, early insights around employee engagement originated with George Elton Mayo and his work at Hawthorne Works (a General Electric Company) in the 1920s. In studying human behavior, Mayo’s research challenged Taylor’s principles of scientific management by providing alternative motivation theories outside of self interest (Mayo, 1933). 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However, recent research suggests that there are costs for these organizations in terms of their impaired ability to perform long term. Many companies have shown poor leadership when trying to capitalize on technological

New Business Venture Music Academy Free Essays

Introduction/aground After over five years experience working In corporations, four friends have a desire to start their own business because they enjoy creating music and saw the need for music training in downtown Toronto. The music academy would cater specifically to children ages 3-16 specializing in rock music genres preparing them in lessons for â€Å"voice, guitar, keyboard, and percussion so they can perform in their own bands†(Scalable 469). By offering specialized musical theory lessons to the children (public), the music academy can create a niche market segment and obtain a portion f the current musical retail/lesson market share currently share amongst Long and Macaque, Cosmos Music, and Stave’s Music. We will write a custom essay sample on New Business Venture: Music Academy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Business Objective The music academy strategic goals include growth, expansion, dominating market share, and profitability. They must fully utilize each other’s strengths and weaknesses to begin the business. In order to meet these objectives, the team must cooperate, incorporate effective customer service, and use their passion for music towards teaching, while creating a diversified musical learning environment. Current Situation and Problem/Opportunity Statement Environmental scanning and market research yielded results that indicated that the music academy is currently positioned in a busy location with high traffic and opportunities include a need for specialized guitar lessons in the rock music genre. In order to capitalized the opportunity for growth and compete with current music retail/lesson businesses (I. . Long and Macaque), It would be advisable for the music academy to offer a selection of musical Instruments and accessories available for sale to the general public that Include both purchasing and financing options. The current team has the necessary skills for musical instruction involving bass, keyboard, vocals, guitar, and drums. A potential problem that poses a threat wo uld be access to capital and making sure that the initial investment costs are covered â€Å"after two years in business†(Scalable 470). Critical Assumptions and Constraints This project requires strong participation of each music business members and the children. The four friends who participated In this music business should be able to work In a team and understand teaching children. The children must show improvement to prove the music training’s effectiveness. Most members need to learn some teaching skills and training because of their lack of experience. Some members will still have other employment, so there is a need for pre-arranged shifts. Different courses with different teachers will be offered because of the members different skill set. Analysis of Options and Recommendation Our three options for our new business: 1 . Start the business immediately, since the key people are ready to build a music academy, a bass teacher who has experience of few paid gigs and also knows the aboard, a guitar teacher who can also record and edit CDC, a singing teacher who also knows how to work a crowd, and a drum teacher who is also a music teacher in the middle school. The business can start right away according to the original plan. 2. Hold the business until there are enough staffs and Investments to start. Since there opening, until all the preparations are finished. 3. Do not start the business at all. Since the members all have Jobs and are doing well on their own, they do not really need to take the risk to start this business. Preliminary Project Requirements The main requirements of this project include the following: 1 . The business needs the initial investment amount. . The business needs cooperation of all team members. 3. The business needs a place to rent, and musical equipment. 4. Each team member needs to arrange his or her schedule because of different availabilities. 5. Each team member must be trained to teach children because not everyone knows how. Budget Estimate and Financial Analysis A preliminary estimate of costs for the entire project is $100,000 for the first year. Most of the costs come from salaries, $108,000, then ope rating costs, $60,000. How to cite New Business Venture: Music Academy, Papers

Contractibility transparency of financial - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss aboutthe Contractibility transparency of financial. Answer: Free cash flow during 2009: The above figure mainly helps in identifying the overall value per share of General Mills Inc. The valuation is mainly identified by calculating the present value of free cash flow, which is detected from the evaluation. The free cash flow is detected by detecting cash from operation to cash investment in operations. This directly helps in detecting the free cash flow, where discounting rate is used to identify the actual prevent value of the derived free cash flow. Then the enterprise value is derived by adding present value of continuing value and total free cash flow. This depicts the actual enterprise value with the net debt used by the organisation (Ball, Li and Shivakumar 2015). The equity value is detected by deducting the enterprise value with the net debt of the organisation. Lastly, the overall value per shar is identified by dividing the equity value with the number of share issued by the organisation. 3% growth in free cash flow: The changes in the continuing value mainly changes the overall value per share, which is depicted in the above figure. This change in the value per share is mainly conducted by the 3% growth in free cash flow after 2009. This eventually help in detecting the overall value per share, as the enterprise value changes with the change in continuing value of the firm. This directly depicts the overall value per share at the levels of 51.86 after the increment in 3% growth. Kimberly-Clark Corporation Free cash from Method 1 and Method 2: The above calculation is mainly conducted on the basis of method 1 and method 2, which helps in depicting the net pay-out to shareholders. The free cash flow under method 1 for Kimberly-Clark Corporation is mainly at the levels of 1,563.90. These methods mainly use the overall common equity and net operating assets in deriving the overall calculations. The net operating assets are mainly derived by deducting operating assets with operating liabilities (Dung 2016). Moreover, the common equity is detected by deducting net operating assets with financial assets. Free cash flow: The calculation mainly represents the overall reported cash flow from operations conducted by the company. In addition, the Free cash flow is mainly derived by deducting the overall cash spend on investing and marketing securities with the total reported cash flow from operations. The overall free cash flow is mainly detected at the levels of 1,725.52 for the fiscal year. Reference: Ball, R., Li, X. and Shivakumar, L., 2015. Contractibility and transparency of financial statement information prepared under IFRS: Evidence from debt contracts around IFRS adoption.Journal of Accounting Research,53(5), pp.915-963. Dung, N.V., 2016. Value-relevance of financial statement information: A flexible application of modern theories to the Vietnamese stock market.Quarterly Journal of Economics,84, pp.488-500.

Consumption Can Be Store The Understated †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Consumption Can Be Store The Understated? Answer: Introducation Some of the marzipan should be rolled to a ball. The ball size should be made so that it can fit within a plastic bag. Marzipan ball should be tightly rolled within freezer wrap or within a plastic bag. The surface should be covered in such a way that there should not exists any chances for air to enter within it (Boerboom and Fischer 2013). The wrapped ball of marzipan should be kept in a plastic bag, which is re-sealable. Air should be squeeze as much as possible and then the bag should be sealed. The above steps should be repeated for rest of the marzipan. The plastic bags should be put in the refrigerators for a month. Marzipans are considered to be the type of the confection that mainly consists mainly of sugar or honey with the meal of almond mainly augmented with the extract of the almond oil. It is also made into the form sweets. Some common marzipans are generally covered with chocolates or any other flavor. Few marzipans are covered with the small and different types of fruits and vegetables. It is also used in covering the birthday cakes in the form of icing in glazed conditions. The pastes of marzipan are used for making moulds of different shapes and sizes. But, in general the moulds of the animal models, egg whites are not being used for doing it. Egg whites are used in mainly used for softening the marzipans but in case of preparing the marzipan models, it needs to be hard enough so that it does not breaks off. This is the main reason; egg whites are not used in preparation of marzipan models. The four key points that should be paid attention while making marzipan animals are as follows: The side of marzipan should be covered with crme otherwise brown chocolate cake will be visible which can affect the look of marzipan animal Appropriate technique should be adapted for drying the figures of marzipan. If appropriate technique is not adapted then the marzipan animal can be injured and the look of marzipan animal cake can be hampered. Marzipan animal should be rolled for 2 to 3 mm so that the marzipan animal can maintain its shape. Detailed modelling of marzipan animal should be done. Utilisation of picks and sponge should be done for detailed modelling of marzipan (Hoban 2016). The different types of marzipan pastes are as follows: Marzipan: It is used for covering the fruit cakes and detailed modeling. The ratio of almond and sugar is 50%. Marzicover: This one of the economical product used for covering the cakes. Ratio of almond is 34% and sugar is 66%. Therefore, a sweet paste gets melts easily in mouth. Almond paste: It is used in baking as well as in chocolate products. The ratio of almond is 66% and sugar is 34%. This paste does not have a great a capability to roll out. Short crust paste: Short crust paste is crisp as well as brittle. This paste is not resilient as well as non-elastics. It is used for making savoury products. The ratio of almond is 40% and sugar is 60% (Van Gansbeke et al. 2017). The ingredients and the measurements for the preparation of the marzipan is mentioned as (Schelm et al. 2017): 1 cupfadedand ground almonds (approximately 3? ounces) almond flour is the easiest way to get this ingredient, but dried almonds can be used for grinding for the paste 2 cups confectioner (powdered) sugar (approximately 5? ounces) 1 tablespoon light corn syrup teaspoon almond extract The process of preparing marzipan can be listed as: The almond flour and the powdered sugar were shifted in a bowl and are being passed by the help of the strainer with the help of the measuring cup. A mild difference in the measurement can definitely cause difference in the taste of the marzipan. The ground almonds and sugar are being mixed together and are combined completely. The almond extract and the corn syrup are mixed and are being poured in to the dry ingredients. These entire mixtures are being mixed and are kneaded with the hand. Half tablespoon of water was added at first, then the rest of the tablespoon only if necessary, working the mixture until it becomes dough-like. A bit more water was added if necessary. The entire dough was put into the freezer and are being rolled into a smooth log. The smooth log of dough was being refrigerated for approx more than one hour. For serving, it can be cut into different shapes when required. The different types of food colors available in the market are (Attokaran 2017). These are the water-based dye and are readily available in the general stores in market. It comes in little squeeze bottles, which that allows for dripping the dye drop by drop into batters and icings. It is considered to be the less intense dye, its quiet easy for adding the color to any recipe of the food. Since it's so readily available, liquid dye is popular for tinting icings, batters and dough of marzipans. These are available in small bottles that contain a viscous, thick gel-type liquid. The texture is due to its glycerin with corn syrup base. It is quiet concentrated in liquid gel colorings and a very small amount will impart a much more bright coloration. It can make liquid gel dyes last longer. Liquid gel dyes also add less liquid to recipes, making them better suited to cakes that call for a large amount of dye. Cakes or marzipans that require very less amount of color, liquid gel dye are used, mainly in the case for the red velvet cakes and the marzipans as well. It is a very thick, super-concentrated version of liquid gel color. Where liquid gel can be dotted through a squeeze bottle, this is an extremely thick mixture. It is generally used in the marzipans in a very large scale (Zahra et al. 2015) Powdered Dye Coloring chocolates, in dry mixes or coloring the sugar crystals, powdered dyes are being used. Roses, Sunflowers Apples, Pineapples Monkeys, Dogs References Attokaran, M., 2017.Natural food flavors and colorants. John Wiley Sons. Boerboom, F.J.G. and Fischer, S., Friesland Brands BV, 2013.Chocolate with milk fat fractions. U.S. Patent Application 14/390,240. Hoban, R., 2016.The marzipan pig. New York Review of Books. Schelm, S., Haase, I., Fischer, C. and Fischer, M., 2017. Development of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Determination of Apricot in Marzipan Using the Plexor System.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry,65(2), pp.516-522. Van Gansbeke, B., Bny, G., De Loose, M. and Taverniers, I., 2017. A TaqMan Real-Time PCR Assay for Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) as an Authenticity Test for Detection of Traces of Persipan in Marzipan.Food Analytical Methods, pp.1-7. Zahra, N., Alim-un-Nisa, Z.F., Kalim, I. and Saeed, K., 2015. Identification of synthetic food dyes in beverages by thin layer chromatography.Pakistan Journal of Food Sciences,25(4), pp.178-181.

Assigment 2 free essay sample

1. Suppose that you can trade a riskless asset that yields 5% and two risky assets A and B. The expected return of asset A is 8% and that of asset B is 11%, while the standard deviation of asset A is 14% and that of asset B is 23%. The covariance between assets A and B is 0:0322. Solution . rA,B= CovAR(A,B) / [(? A)(? B)] = -0. 0322 / (14%)(23%) rA,B = -1 But when rA,B = -1, (? p)^2 = [wA(? A) – wB(? B)]^2, ? p = wA(? A) – wB(? B) Is there is no risk fo the portafolio, then ? p = 0 So this means that: 0 = 14%(wA) – 23%(1 – wA), solve this for wA, wA = 0. 6216 wB = 1 – wA, wB = 0. 3784 E(Rp) = 0. 6216(8%) + 0. 3784(11%) = 9. 1352% Suppose that each one of the securities has a value of $100, Cash Flow Today Cash Flow 1 year from today Buy 0. 6216 units of A -$62. 16 $62. 16(1. 08) = +$67. 13 Buy 0. 3784 units of B -$37. 84 $37. 84(1. 11) = +$42. 00 Short 1 unit of risk-free +$100 -$100(1. 05) = -$105 Net Cash Flow 0 +$4. 13 What today will be $4. 13/(1. 05) = $3. 93 2. You are the risk manager in a major investment bank. We will write a custom essay sample on Assigment 2 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The banks current portfolio consists of U. S. stocks (50%), bonds (20%), and derivatives (30%). The expected returns and standard deviations of these investments are Expected Return 13% 7% 25% Standard Deviation 25% 9% 50% A trader comes with a idea about investing in some new emerging markets: the markets of Polynesia, Micronesia, and New Caledonia. These markets have the following characteristics: Polynesia Micronesia New Caledonia Expected Return 18% 20% 22% Standard Deviation 30% 35% 28% Correlation with Stocks 0. 4 0. 2 0. 6 Correlation with Bonds 0. 3 0. 1 0. 2 Correlation with Derivatives 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 Your job as risk manager is to determine how this investment would project the overall risk of the banks portfolio. Based on risk considerations alone, which of the three emerging markets is the best investment? Assume that the investment in the new market is based by borrowing on the riskless asset, and that it is a very small part of the banks overall investment. The market with the smallest risk contribution can be figured by determining the CovAR of each market to the portfolio. CovAR(RA, RM) = (? A)var(RM) Thus, it eliminates the need to determine Var(RM). If the CovAR of Polynesia to the bank’s portfolio can be measured by first determining the covariance between stocks, bonds, and derivatives. Then, these values can be summed to compute the CovAR of Polynesia to the bank’s portfolio. CovAR(Polynesia, Stocks) = xstocks(? Polynesia)(? stocks)(weight of stocks) = 0. 4 * 0. 3 * 0. 25 * 0. 5 = 0. 015 With similar calculations, CovAR(Polynesia, Bonds) = 0. 00162 and CovAR(Polynesia, Derivatives) = 0. 009 CovAR(Polynesia, portfolio) can be computed by summing CovAR(Polynesia, Stocks), CovAR(Polynesia, Bonds), and CovAR(Polynesia, Derivatives) CovAR(Polynesia, portfolio) = 0. 015 + 0. 00162 + 0. 009 = 0. 2562 With similar calculations, CovAR(Micronesia, portfolio) = 0. 02513, CovAR(NewCaledonia, portfolio) = 0. 038808 The best option of investment is the bank is Micronesia. 3. Stocks X, Y, and Z have the same expected return 8% and the same standard deviation 19% (a)Compute the standard deviation of the equally weighted portfolio if the correlation between all pairs of stocks is 1:0. Explain the intuition behind this result. r = 1, ? p = 19% With a perfect positive correlation, there is no idiosyncratic risk, thus there are no benefits of diversification. (b) Compute the standard deviation of the equally weighted portfolio if the correlation between all pairs of stocks is 0:5. Using excel, when r = 0. 5, ? p = 15. 51% (c) Compute the standard deviation of the equally weighted portfolio if the correlation between all pairs of stocks is 0:0. Using excel, when r = 0, ? p = 10. 97% (d) Compute the standard deviation of the equally weighted portfolio if the correlation between all pairs of stocks is 0:5. Using excel, when r = -0. 5, ? p = 0% (e) Explain intuitively in which case above (a) to (d) (if any) is the equally weighted portfolio the minimum variance portfolio? (No computation is needed. ) The minimum variance portfolio is seen when r = -0. 5. Here, ? p = 0% (f) How does your answer to part (e) change if stocks X, Y, and Z have the same expected return 11% instead of 8% and nothing else is changed? No change (g) How does your answer to part (e) change if stocks X, Y, and Z have the same standard deviation 15% instead of 19% and nothing else is changed? No change 4. Your rich uncle asks you financial advice. He is currently holding a portfolio of 30% T-bills and 70% Microsoft stock. The beta of Microsoft is 1. 2 and the standard deviation is 37. 95%. You decide to base your advice on the CAPM. The T-bill rate is 5%. The market portfolio has expected return 15% and standard deviation 20%. (a)What is the expected return of your uncles portfolio? E(RM) = 5% + 1. 2(15% 5%) = 17% E(Rp) = (3/10)5% + (7/10)17% = 13. 4% (b) What is the standard deviation of your uncles portfolio? (? p)^2 = (7/10)^2(0. 3795)^2 + (3/10)^2(0)^2 + 0 = 0. 0705699 ? p = 0. 0705699^0. 5 = 0. 26565 = 26. 565% (c) You decide to recommend to your uncle a portfolio that has the same expected return as his portfolio but the lowest possible standard deviation. Which is this portfolio, and what is its standard deviation? 13. 4% = wTP(15%) + (1 – wTP)(5%) solving for wTP, wTP = 0. 84 wT = 1 – wTP, wT = 0. 16 (? p)^2 = 0. 84^2(0. 2)^2 = 0. 028224 ?p = 0. 168 = 16. 8% 5. Consider market portfolio and three risky assets: A, B, and C. Over the next year, only three scenarios of how the economy will develop can happen with equal probability. The table below describes, in each scenario, returns predicted by analysts for the market portfolio and for the three risky assets. Economy Market A B C Boom 17% 11% 3% 2% Mediocre 6% 11% 3% 2% Recession -2% 2% 7% 4% (a) What are the expected returns and the standard deviations of returns from in- vesting into the market portfolio and into each of the three risky assets? E(RM) = (1/3)17% + (1/3)6% + (1/3)-2% = 7%E(RM) = 7% With similar calculations, E(RA) = 8%, E(RB) = 4. 33%, E(RC) =2. 67% (? M)^2 = (1/3)(17% 7%)^2 + (1/3)(6% 7%)^2 + (1/3)(-2% 7%)^2 = 0. 0061 ? M = 0. 0061^0. 5 = 0. 0779 = 7. 79% With similar calculations, ? A = 4. 24%, ? B = 1. 89%, ? C = 0. 94% (b) Covariance of returns of the market portfolio with asset A is where pBoom, pMediocre, and pRecession are the probabilities of the three scenarios to occur. The correlation of returns of the market portfolio with the returns of asset A is _(RM;RA) = Cov(RM;RA) _ (RM) _ (RA) Use the formulas above tend the covariance’s and correlations of returns of assets A, B, and C with the returns of the market portfolio. Using formula, Cov(RM,RA) = 0. 0027, Cov(RM,RB) = -0. 0012, Cov(RM,RC) = -0. 0006 Using formula, ? (RM,RA) = 0. 8171, ? (RM,RB) = -0. 8171, ? (RM,RC) = -0. 8171 (c)What are the betas of assets A, B, and C? ?A = CovAR(RM,RA) / Var(RM) = 0. 0027 / 0. 0061 = 0. 4451? A = 0. 4451 With similar calculations, ? B = -0. 1978, ? C = -0. 0989 (d)If the riskless rate is 3. 5%, what are the expected returns of A, B, and C as predicted by the CAPM? CAPM, E(Ri) = rf + ? i [ E(RM) – rf ] E(RA) = 3. 5% + 0. 4451( 7% 3. 5% ) = 5. 06%E(RA) = 5. 06% With similar calculations, E(RB) = 2. 81%, E(RC) = 3. 15% (e) Draw a graph that contains the riskless asset, the market portfolio, and the three risky assets A, B, and C. Draw the SML in this graph. (f) Find alphas of risky assets A, B, and C. Indicate alphas of each risky asset in the alpha(A) = 8% 5. 06% = 2. 94%, alpha(B) = 4. 33% 2. 81% = 1. 52%, alpha(C) = 2. 67% 3. 15% = -0. 48%

essay Essays - Creative Works, Films, English-language Films

Throughout time, a person's upbringing has a lot to do with their surroundings and environment. After readingTheHate U Give' by Angie Thomas, and Romeo Juliet' by William Shakespeare, I have come to the conclusion that the environment helps shape characters. The characters that willdiscussedare, Starr Cater(The HateU Give), and Juliet Capulet (Romeo and Juliet). Two of the main female characters in both books. In both novels, it is evident that theirenvironmentsare responsible for the final outcomes of Starr and Juliet. The Hate U Give' by Angie Thomas, follows the life of an African-American teenaged girl named Starr Carter. Starr witnesses her unarmedAfrican Americanfriend get shot and murdered by a white police officer. The rest of the story follows Starrandherjourneyfor justice for her friend that was murdered. One example of how theenvironmenthelps shapestarr'scharacter is, whenstarrtells astory ofwhat her parents told her when she was twelve. When Starr was twelve, her parents told her what to as a black person(inAmerica) when stopped by a police officer. This example helps shapestarr'scharacter because of the environment she lives in, her parents must tell her about the difficulties of being black in America. The second example is when Starr says Garden heights (her neighborhood), is her home and is who she is. Starr explains that being raised in the projects is the reason she is the person she is today. Secondly, Romeo Juliet by William Shakespeare, is a story about two feuding families (Capulet's and Montague's) who's children Romeo and Juliet have fallenin love. The two were so blindlyinlovethat itledto their death. An example of how Juliet's environmenthelpshape Juliet, is when she wanted to keep her love for Romeo a secret from her family. Because of the history between the Capulets and the Montagues. Another example is when Juliet would go to friarLaurenceschurch. FriarLaurenceschurch is the only place Juliet was allowed to go. The church is a placewhereboth Capulets and Montagues would go. Juliet would meet with Romeo at the church. Theenvirnmentshaped herbecause,it was the only place she was allowed to be with her loved one. In conclusion, with the information that was written down. It is very clear that environments help shape characters. This is present in both Starr, and Juliet. That being said Starr and Juliet's environments and surroundings are responsible for the final outcome of both characters.

Why girls like pink color free essay sample

Generally it is believed that girls like pink color and boys prefer blue color over others. But if one closely examines this concept (or misconception!), one realizes that it is not true. It is not that girls are genetically programmed to like pink. Then why this mass belief that girls like pink? Actually all this is a market gimmick which has been so strongly reinforced on our mindsets through aggressive marketing of products that we have begun to belief that girls like pink and boys like blue. Think of the instances, when your friends and family members began to decorate the room of the baby girl in pink colors the moments she was born. Her cupboard was full of pink clothes and even her toiletries came packed in pink color. The poor girl actually stepped in a world where it was customized in a way that she was left with no choice but pink color. We will write a custom essay sample on Why girls like pink color or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Obviously she was made to believe that pink color symbolizes femininity, sophistication and beauty and being a girl she should be attributed with all these traits. Such stereotyping and conditioning makes girls believe that they have to like pink color. A recent research conducted by Time magazine shows that girls do not like pink color instinctively. The research rather suggested that all people irrespective of their gender like color blue. Of course the choice of shades varied among men and women. Women preferred more of reddish – purple shades of blue while boys preferred blue-green shades. The researchers have further mentioned that the difference in the choice of hues has their origin in gender specific tasks men and women have been doing since time immemorial. Men used to go out, hunt and earn bread for family while women used to go to jungle for hunting various fruits and vegetables for making meals of the family.

Counseling Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgendered Individuals

Counseling Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgendered Individuals Free Online Research Papers Homosexuality is defined as sexual attraction to a person of the same sex (Sue Sue, 2008). Because gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (GLBT) individuals are reluctant to identify themselves it is difficult to get an accurate estimates of their numbers. Sue and Sue (2008) estimate that approximately 4-10 percent of the U.S. population is homosexual. It is impossible to describe a unified reality that fits every GLBT individual because within this large and diverse group there are multiple realities (Brown, 1989). The experience of each individual within this group is different depending on ethnic group, religious background, age, degree of â€Å"outness†, and gender. Even within this group there are divisions and hierarchies. According to one bisexual person: Transgendered people are the second-class citizens, and bisexuals are below even them. We’re the white trash of the gay world, a group whom it is socially acceptable not to accept. Feeling awkward among straight is what it feels like to be bi. Being distrusted among gays is what it feels like too. (as cited in Sue Sue, 2008) Gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered individuals are often viewed as a threat to the structure of society and face anger, threats, and hostility each day, often in the name of God (Deeb-Sossa Kane, 2007). Issues in Counseling Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgendered Clients Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgendered individuals face many of the same issues as heterosexuals including: depression, low self-esteem, physical or sexual abuse, and difficulties with relationships and careers (Brown, 1989; Sue Sue 2008). In addition, GLBT individuals also face issues that are associated with their sexual minority status. As a sexual minority GLBT individuals still face discrimination and hostility (Frost Meyer, 2009; Herek, Gillis, Cogan, 2009). Gays and lesbians are more than twice as likely as heterosexuals to experience sexual abuse as adults. They are also at higher risk for Major Depression, Generalized Anxiety Disorder and substance and alcohol related problems (Sue Sue, 2008). While the American Psychiatric Association has removed homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) many therapists continue to see homosexuality as a mental illness (Sue Sue, 2008). Gender identity issues and cross-dressing are still i ncluded in the DSM (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Kirk and Belovics (2008) explored some of the unique issues faced by transgender individuals including discrimination in hiring practices and problems with supervisors over how to dress and which restroom to use. Many of the problems that bring GLBT individuals into counseling are the result of internalizing society’s negative view of homosexuality (Herek, et al. 2009; Sue and Sue, 2008). The term sexual stigma refers to the negative regard and inferior status that society places on anyone not associated with heterosexual activities and relationships (Herek, et al. 2009; Frost Meyer, 2009). According to Herek et al. (2009) Heterosexuality is viewed as the norm, and children are socialized to believe that everyone is heterosexual (the â€Å"heterosexual assumption†) and that they will grow up to be heterosexual. As a result sexual minorities are viewed as abnormal, unnatural and inferior (Brown, 1989). Gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender individuals grow up with these messages and they become internalized and lead to negative feelings toward themselves and other GLBT individuals. Frost and Meyer (2009) showed that there is a strong correlation between internalized homop hobia and relationship problems among GLBT couples. The issue of â€Å"coming out† is another problem unique to the GLBT population. Unlike many other minority groups that may find a sense of belonging with their shared racial or ethnic background within their family circle, GLBT individuals are often ostracized by their family of origin or find it necessary to hide their sexual orientation from those to whom they are closest (Sue Sue, 2008). The revelation of sexual orientation is often met with anger, grief or guilt. It is the role of the counselor to help the client decide to whom and how to come out, and to help them find support among their family, friends or community after coming out. As in working with any person or couple in therapy it is important to see GLBT clients first and foremost as unique individuals. Counselors need to be aware of their personal beliefs and biases when working with GLBT clients and avoid focusing on sexual orientation when it is not necessary (Brown, 1989; Mohr, Weiner, Chopp, Wong, 2009; Sue Sue, 2008; Williams, 2005). Mohr et al. (2009) found that â€Å"client bisexuality had a strong effect on judgments regarding the relevance of clinical issues that were related to bisexual stereotypes but not directly related to the presenting problem† (p. 172). Many of the mental health issues faced by GLBT individuals are the result of internalizing society’s negative messages about homosexuality (Herek, et al., 2009). By challenging society’s assumptions about gender and gender roles feminist therapy provides a framework for exploring the sources of internalized stigma and bias. Feminist counselors also work to depathologize traits that have historically been associated with women and are therefore seen as undesirable (Corey, 2009). This can be extremely beneficial in helping clients to see themselves in a positive light instead of as mentally ill. Feminist Theory Unlike many other theories feminist theory does not have a single founder, but is the result of decades of scholarly conversation and collaboration among women across many disciplines from politics to religion (Corey, 2009; Walters, 2005). According to Walters (2005) women began to speak for themselves and their sex as early as the 1600s. The consciousness raising groups of the 1960s led to changes in the way female therapists practiced (Corey, 2009). Feminist therapy moved from what Williams (2005) described as the eurocentric counseling therapies that held white, middle-class, heterosexual men as the norm and equated mental health with the masculine traits of individualism, independence, and autonomy, to a more egalitarian form of counseling that valued women’s experiences and looked at the way women were constrained by traditional female roles (Corey, 2009). In the 1970s the â€Å"second wave† of feminism attempted to unite all these ideas into a set of philosophies of feminism: liberal, cultural, radical and socialist feminist (Corey, 2009; Walters, 2005). The prominent feminists of the 1970s tended to be white, middle-class and heterosexual and were criticized for excluding the voices of women of color, sexual minorities and women of lower socioeconomic status (Calhoun, 2000). In response, contemporary feminism, embraces diversity and attempts to be more culturally sensitive and inclusive of all women, including lesbians (Corey, 2009). Feminist Therapy and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Client Although it has traditionally focused on women and women’s issues feminist therapy is appropriate for exploring many of the issues facing GLBT individuals. Through techniques such as gender-role analysis, gender-role intervention and power analysis, feminist therapists help clients to recognize how they have internalized society’s negative messages about gender and the way they have been socialized into gender-roles. They work with their clients to understand how sexist and oppressive beliefs affect them in negative ways (Corey, 2009). In exploring how gender-roles are the result of socialization gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender individuals become free to explore their own heterosexual biases and to determine that they have the freedom to define themselves and their identity as â€Å"man† or â€Å"woman† in ways that are more authentic and beneficial (Brown, 1989; Calhoun, 2000). A basic tenet of feminist theory is â€Å"the personal is political† (Corey, 2009). One of the main goals of feminist therapy is to help clients become empowered to change the sociopolitical environment that has historically oppressed them. Calhoun (2000) cautions against assuming the political agenda for GLBT individuals is the same as for white, heterosexual women. Marriage, which has historically been an institution of subordination for women, should be viewed as empowering GLBT individuals. It not only grants access to material and social benefits, but is also the core normative institution around which society is based. To bar sexual minorities from this institution is displace them from entering fully into society. Brown (1989) argues that feminist therapy can be accused of being heterosexist as it still relies on defining people according to the labels â€Å"women† and â€Å"men† and doesn’t take into account the unique experiences and traits of GLBT individuals, the â€Å"third sex†. She proposes a new paradigm that includes the unique experiences of lesbians and gays. Like many biracial individuals gay and lesbians are able to pass as members of the dominant culture and may disown parts of themselves or others that don’t fit with cultural ideals. Counselors need to be sensitive to this issue and help their clients to be comfortable with expressing the full range of their identity and experience. Summary As a minority group GLBT individuals face discrimination and violence and are not allowed to participate fully in society (Calhoun, 2000). A feminist framework can be very effective in counseling GLBT individuals by challenging the negative messages about sexual orientation and gender roles they have internalized from society, by empowering them to take personal and social action, and by allowing them to explore ways to live authentically. This paper has touched on only a few of the issues counselors may face in working with GLBT individuals. This group is made up of many unique individuals with a wide range of backgrounds and experiences and a variety of issues they wish to work on in counseling. They also share common issues as a result of their sexual minority status. While these issues are complex, it is important for counselors to treat each client as a person first, and to be sensitive to the culture and experiences of each client. Counselors should use their experience and knowledge to understand the issues their client’s bring into the therapeutic relationship and to discern whether sexual orientation has any bearing on the issues presented. In order to work effectively with GLBT clients it is necessary for counselors to examine their own personal biases and gender socialization process. It is also important that they respect the needs of each client, and avoid pushing their personal feminist agenda on any client (Corey, 2009). References American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Text Revision. Washington, DC: Author. Bitter, J. R. (2009). Theory and Practice of Family Therapy and Counseling. Canada: Brooks/Cole. Brown, L.S. (1989). New voices, new visions: toward a lesbian/gay paradigm for psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, (13) 445-458. Retrieved from ERIC database Calhoun, C. (2000). Feminism, the Family, and the Politics of the Closet. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Corey, G. (2009). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. Deeb-Sossa, N., Kane, H. (2007). It’s the word of god: student’s resistance to questioning and overcoming heterosexism. Feminist Teacher, (17)2. 151-159. Retrieved from ERIC database Frost, D.M., Meyer, I.H. (2009). Internalized homophobia and relationship quality among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 53(1). 97-109. Retrieved from ERIC database Herek, G.M, Gillis, R.J., Cogan, J.C. (2009). Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insights from a social psychological perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 53(1). 32-43. Retrieved from ERIC database Kirk, J., Belovics, R. (2008). Understanding and Counseling Transgender Clients. Journal of Employment Counseling, 45(1), 29-36. Retrieved from ERIC database Mohr, J.J., Weiner, J.L., Chopp, R.M., Wong, S.J. (2009). Effects of client bisexuality on clinical judgment: when is bias most likely to occur?. Journal of Counseling Psychology, (56)1, 164-175. Retrieved from ERIC database Sue, D.W., Sue, D. (2008). Counseling sexual minorities. Counseling the Culturally Diverse: Theory and Practice (5th ed.). 443-454. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Walters, M. (2005). Feminism: a Very Short Introduction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Williams, C.B. (2005). Counseling African American women: Multiple identities-multiple constraints. Journal of Counseling and Development (83). 278-283. Retrieved from ERIC database Research Papers on Counseling Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgendered IndividualsInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of PsychodynamicResearch Process Part OneThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseTwilight of the UAWHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraLifes What IfsNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Free sample - Usage of Internet and Email. translation missing

Usage of Internet and Email. Usage of Internet and EmailNowadays it is very difficult to imagine modern world without computer technologies and using of computer programs as practically every sphere of our life is connected with them. Computers and Internet constitute rather big part of business life, as it is very difficult to control work without computers and Internet (Soong, 2010, p. 15).   It is understood that with the appearance and development of Internet, it became one of the most effective methods of influence, controlling and sharing information. Internet and everything that is connected with cyber industry affect people greatly. Such democratization of Internet and IT technologies means people are able to share their points of view and visions of certain problems despite their geographical location (Hatchen, 2000, p. 34). People can share messages by means of internet with the high speeds because they are shared by means social networks. It means that everyone is struggling for attention and place in a media environment. This environment now is cramped with information. Needless to say, that modern society is very dependent upon Internet and popular networks that became inevitable part of life of every user.   Every day life is hard to imagine without Internet and IT technologies. With their help, it is easier to tell the public about technological improvements and events from social and political spheres.   Whatever the reason or interest is, any person has the opportunity to transmit a message through the Internet and this massage can be potentially heard by thousand of people all over the world. This means of taking information is very hard to substitute. I am a current employee of the company dealing with the development and delivery of the trade equipment. In our company, the use of Internet and corporate email has become an inevitable part of the working process. The use of e-mails as a means of sharing information and communication becomes very popular in any company or organization, as this is a very simple process requiring minimum time and strengths. This means of communication and sharing the data and information is very popular and widely spread from the point of view convenience and time-consumption. The development of Internet and its implementation made the process of communication easier and faster. It gained great popularity among the employees, as Internet allows being aware of the information necessary for the production process and communication. As usual, every company is provided with the personal server that is able to serve the consumers of the company, where every employee is provided with the personal corporate e-mail address in order to communicate and share messages within the company (Kirshenbaum, 2009, p. 23). As a rule, the content of the shared information and emails is strictly controlled by the management of the or ganization in order to prevent frauds, viruses and leakage of personal and corporate information. In this case, the companies make use of the privacy policy. One of the main aims of such policy is to prevent computers from the illegal access, use of information by the third persons and fraud and viruses invasions. In my company, this kind of policy is provided by means of computers’ protection from outside users. The IT managers entitled to use the personal information of the employees to protect it from illegal utilization. It is one of the most popular and reliable measures, as not every employee can distinguish potential danger and see that the E-mail box, containing his or her personal information, stored in his computer was broken and used. There are a lot of measures the companies should take to protect and guard their networks. A good safety plan outlining essential safety measures is required for quick reply and disaster revival. Auditing, tracking and constant monito ring of the network should be conducted to distinguish leaks and intrusions. Moreover, different kinds of firewalls and other appliances of software and hardware can become helpful for discouraging network intruders. A great number of companies use some regulations and laws that are developed to protect personal information of the employees stored in their computers. This is the email privacy used by very company on the legal basis. Email privacy was elaborated by the US government and is derived from the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This policy is governed by the standard of reasonable expectation of privacy. According t this policy, the managerial of every American company is able to control e-mail and Internet use of the employees during their working hours. Moreover, the regulations of the privacy policy presupposes constant monitoring of email boxes and websites visited by he employees within working day. Most employers make their employees sign a computer and network use policy that usually sets forth that their email should be to be used merely for business purposes and entitles the employer to monitor usage of email and computer.   This agreement usually deprives an employ ee of any rational expectation of privacy, and means that the emails of the employees are fair game for the employer to seek through.   Employers, disparate from law enforcement, do not have many obstacles averting them from checking the emails of the employers. It is only a matter of business as the employees should take into account the fact that theory can cause difficulties to their business, that is why, the main aim of the agreement of privacy policy is to protect the company, but not to adversely modify the rights of the employees (Levmore and Nussbaum, 2010, p. 45). Privacy policy measures are forwarded to protect company from illegal usage and leakage of business information through the emails of its employees. Every company should control usage of Internet usage and content of email messaging. It is regulated by the current legislation and every employee should stick to the laws of privacy policy. The employees realize that the privacy policy is very significant for the both, them and their company. It is an inevitable part of the policy of every company used to prevent the leakage of company’s information and preserve the order within the organization. As usual, privacy policy does not have any negative effect on the employees. Indeed, it makes them more careful and watchful concerning the problem of security and privacy, as privacy at work is a half of success of every organization. Reference List Hatchen, W.A. and Hatchen, H. (2000). The World News Prism: Changing Media of International Communications. Iowa: Iowa State University PressNissenbaum, H. ( 2009) Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social Life (Stanford Law Books). Stanford: Stanford Law BooksLevmore, S. and Nussbaum, M. ( 2010) The Offensive Internet: Speech, Privacy, and Reputation. New York: Harvard University PressSoong J., (2010) When Technology Addiction Takes Over Your Life. Boston: Wiley

Case Brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case Brief - Essay Example The franchise agreement consisted of a printed form prepared by respondent, and, with a specific exception for income from property management services, provided in pertinent part as follows: â€Å"Franchise {appellant} agrees to pay†¦ a ‘service fee’ equal to 6 percent of Franchisee’s gross income derived from all transactions for which a real estate license or securities license is required. At the franchise location covered by the agreement, in addition to negotiating real estate sales and purchases for clients, appellant also maintained an escrow department which represented to the public at large that it was operating under a Century 22 franchise. Appellant charged its sellers and buyer separate and distinct fees for escrow services from fees collected on sales commissions. Appellant was not licensed to act as an escrow agent under the general provisions of financial Code section 17000 et seq. (the Escrow Law). However, appellant did act as an escrow agent under an exception to the Escrow Law-- Financial Code section 17006, subdivision (d). The terms of the franchise agreement provided that appellant corporation was to maintain certain prescribed records and reports to respondent those transactions for which a service fee was payable. During the time of the agreement, appellant failed to report any transactions or income received from the operation of its ‘escrow† business. Upon the termination of the franchise agreement, respondent conducted an audit of the books and records of appellant’s franchise. The audit was authorized by the franchise agreement. During the audit, respondent discovered that appellant had not paid a service fee for the income derived from escrow services. Respondent demanded payment from appellant, and from defendant, Nick Rockton. Appellant and defendant Nick Rockton refused to pay since they did not think that the agreement covered income derived from escrow services. This

The Effects of Budget Shifts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Effects of Budget Shifts - Essay Example None of us at that point imagined the far reaching effects of that day. The concrete and twisted metal may be gone now from Ground Zero, but we are still left to clean up the remainder of the rubble that was left in its wake. We are faced with too few dollars and too much to do. 9/11 and its aftermath has forced us to shift from concentrating on routine law enforcement functions to that of developing and sustaining expensive anti-terrorism programs. The already strained California budget needs to address both funding for anti-terrorism and meeting the needs of its citizens. The question becomes how do we balance both and how has this shift impacted the people of California. At the onset of researching this topic it was necessary to understand the current climate of the California residents and how they view the impact the increased anti-terrorism initiatives have had on their lives. I have found numerous articles addressing the current budget crisis as it relates to anti-terrorism program expenditures. Following are several examples representing the climate since the initiatives have been launched. September 5, 2004 an article appeared in the San Francisco Chronicle. It stated that "officials have used federal anti-terrorism money to purchase equipment and cover police work not directly related to the war on terror. As a result, nearly half of California's security funding through the last fiscal year, about $128 million, went to areas outside the five counties with the state's top 10 terrorist targets. Almost $8 million flowed to counties with no targets whatsoever." (Newspapers: California, n.p.) The article went on to say that there were no policies in place to direct local agencies on how appropriated money should be spent. Even more frightening the articled continued "Although federal spending for homeland security is expected to climb over the next five years to $27 billion, emergency first responders could require as much as four times that amount, experts say. But Congress may not make that available if it determines that state and local officials have spent the fundin g on needs other than protecting against terrorism." (Newspapers: California, 2004, n.p.) With spiraling costs and a lack of direction by federal government on what they consider appropriate, expenditures could force California further into financial crisis. It appears that there is a severe lack of coordination in the dispensing of federal aid to states in support of anti-terrorism programs. It was reported in The Daily Californian October 6, 2004 that "The Department of Homeland Security has made more than $175 million in grants available to California in 2004. But some local emergency response officials said red tape attached to the department's grants has needlessly hindered their work." (Wohlsen, n.p.) To make matters worse the article said that often agencies must first pay for the anti-terrorism programs or equiptment out of their own budget and then wait for reimbursement from the federal government. This often creates additional problems as the amount of money needed often exceeds the funds that these agencies

Organisation & Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Organisation & Behaviour - Essay Example een studied by taking into consideration a multinational company, namely Goldman Sachs and a domestic business based in UK, namely Carrington Carr Group. The ways in which organization behaviour have been able to influence the business performance of Goldman Sachs and Carrington Carr have been compared in this work. The leadership style and the motivational approaches followed in these companies have been studied to determine their impacts on the individual and group behaviour in the workplace. The role of technology in effective functioning of the business teams especially in case of wide spread business units have been studied in this work. Based on the comparative evaluation of the two organizations and the behaviour of their employees in the workplace, the key factors for influencing the organizational behaviour and long term value of the business has been recommended. The two organizations chosen for this discussion or organization and behaviour are Goldman Sachs and Carrington Carr Group. Carrington Carr Group is the domestic company that is based in UK while Goldman Sachs is the multinational company in the same industry that deals with the products of financial services, wealth management, investment and insurance. Goldman Sachs is a leading investment bank that provides financial services in the form of investment management and wealth management services to its clients and includes a wide range of products including mutual funds, asset portfolio with a mix of debt, equity, insurance products, etc. Goldman Sachs is headquartered in US with its business spread across various countries all over the world offering investment services and advisory services in the areas of wealth management, protection, etc. The organizational structure of Goldman Sachs reveals that the US based investment banker and financial advisor is governed by a Board of Directors that is headed by their Chairman and Chief Executive Officer with as many as 13 members in the Board. The

Answer Questions1. Why do you think gender is an important aspect of Essay

Answer Questions1. Why do you think gender is an important aspect of environment-society relations 2. Imagine that you are - Essay Example Males and females use resources distinctively and possess distinct responsibilities in the community. To maintain efficiency, strategies to conserve the environment should thus pay close concentration to the effect of differences between females and males on availability of resources and probabilities. Several individuals apart from worrying concerning class and race, they are as well concerned about environmental justice research on the responsibility of gender in environmental changes, disaster, and politics, a system generally known as eco-feminist. In a shocking number of instances, females have led complaints against dangerous materials. Women constitute 60%-80% of the membership of conventional environmental institutions; however, they appear even further highly in grassroots institutions handling environmental wellbeing and associated matters. The antitoxins parties of the historic half century have greatly remained ruled by females, as well as great profile scientists such as Rachel Carson, including national activists such as Lois Gibbs and Erin Brockovich. Many people claim this is so since role for the wellbeing and caring for the family customarily falls to females in several traditions, hence they are the first to detect, and act to object environmental hazards that are items of industrialist creation. This rank in the family is nevertheless, not founded on any intrinsic features of females. However, it is a societal situation, which branches, in the contemporary economic scheme. Traditionally, males were taken away from the home surroundings to do salary job, and females were left at the residence and provided the role to offer clothing, food, and different primary essentials for the whole family (Geo 103, Binoy, 2013). Similarly, the views and interests of females in this state have been at instances sadly ignored by professionals. Females always launch first protests concerning what are just later recognized as key environmental disasters. For e xample, in the case of Love Canal, a notorious New York housing development fraught with asthma, urinary tract diseases, and epilepsy that was finally revealed to be placed atop chemical dissipate, female protesters were send away as â€Å"hysterical housewives†. This categorization by the media and by the organizations engaged in dumping was applied to claim that the female protesters had inadequate understanding, professionalism, or lucid judgment. Protesters mainly females, who hold further experiential opinions of what kinds of environmental challenges the community encounters test this scientism. This type of association to the environment means that females always detect subtle reforms in the environment that may be overlooked by huge environmental teams further concerned with matters such as wilderness or biodiversity conservation (Geo 103, Binoy, 2013). A different dimension where gender is evident is in the mining industry. Mining is an old human task, with a ‘ troubled’ past and a challenging association with economic growth. Arguments do not conclude there; mining has as well turned to intensely associated with masculinity. Despite it being naturalized in several ways, masculinity is not the ordinary method of mining; this method of reasoning does not value

The Natural Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Natural - Essay Example Hobbs’ ambition to excel in baseball is significantly affected when a woman whose motivation is not known, because she does not give any reason to explain her actions shoots, him in the leg. The novel is based on Hobbs’s challenges of getting back to his feet and getting back into baseball. This paper seeks to discuss symbolism in the novel titled The Natural by Bernard Malamud. There is the part where a tree is struck by lightning and Roy Hobbs proceeds to make a baseball bat out the wood from the struck down tree. This can be construed to mean that it was Hobbs’ way of being baptized by fire in order to become better. Hobbs is shown being good in the scene as a pitcher, but he is even a better batter where his legend is established for the rest of the novel (Malamund 120). Every time that Hobbs pitched would have restricted if he had not overcome his being shot and the adversity that he faced after the fact, and his reinvention as an even greater ball player. T he lightning bolt that hit the tree is indicated to have been on the bat, and his wearing the significant number nine in baseball. Hobbs and Ted Williams are both illustrated wearing red, and they are both honoured during the final bats of their careers. Hobbs bat is modelled after that of Ted Williams and shoeless Joe Jackson, and Hobbs was prosecuted for throwing a game. All of these great athletes had names for their baseball bats, which they held onto jealously and fervently. The use of symbolism in the novel is vital in helping the reader understand the theme and the meaning of the novel as well as the time in which it took place. Symbolism takes the form of characters like women who strongly influence Hobbs’ actions and emotions. Harriet Bird is a woman that Hobbs falls in love with first, and he does almost anything possible in his position gain her attention. Harriet Bird uses Hobbs infatuation with her to seduce and lure him into her room where shoots him in the stom ach which prevents him from joining the Chicago Cubs. Symbolism is illustrated in major league baseball and how it plays a significant part in the development of both characters and the novel’s story line. The path, which Roy’s career follows, portrays Eddies Waitkus and Babe Ruth’s career. Eddie Waitkus played for the Chicago Cubs for eleven years and the Philadelphia Phillies, and he was also lured into a crazed female fan’s hotel room and shot in the stomach which ended his career in baseball (Solotaroff 68). The same happens, in the novel, and the protagonist misses fifteen years of his career in baseball. Hobbs agreement with the Judge Banner to throw the final game symbolizes the renowned scandal, in the 1919 World Series, which involved Shoeless Joe Jackson and the Chicago Black Sox. Multiple Black Sox players took part in throwing and fixing the series for which they received handsome amounts of cash from bookies and other influential people in so ciety (Cheuse & Delbanco 184). Hobbs does the same in the novel, but in this instance, it is the owner of the club who wants him to throw the game in the final regular season game. This is because this game would determine which team would proceed into the postseason, and Roy Hobbs accepts a monetary bribe from Judge Banner for striking-out every time he bats for the team. The meaning of the term natural has a different meaning in the Middle Ages than it means in baseball terminology or the 21st century, which gives the

Advanced HealthCare Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Advanced HealthCare Management - Assignment Example The first approach which is based on equity in maintaining a smooth business relationship with employers actually stresses fair and equal perception of employees to the tasks accomplished and to the remuneration that is received. Likewise, it was noted that it is natural for people to compare what is received with those that are received by others – given similar inputs. When there is some indication of inequality or unfairness within the work setting, the disparity would ultimately allegedly lead to anxiety, tension, and demotivation in the workplace. In the equity theory, employees apparently judge the fairness of the reward system. The fairness of the reward system was acknowledged to be evaluated in terms of the ratio between an employee’s outcomes and inputs, and on how this ratio compares with those of others. If the employees perceive the reward as equitable, they would probably continue to perform at the same level of output. However, if the reward is perceived as inequitable, they will apparently experience tension that could motivate them to react in a manner so as to reduce the inequity. The reaction would ultimately aim to bring outcomes and inputs on balance with each other and with those of others. The second approach, the expectancy theory reportedly relates to the connection between effort and performance. This theory allegedly indicates the strength of belief that performance will be determined materially by corresponding effort. The stronger the connection between effort and performance, the higher the expectancy. Likewise, one is convinced that the formation of expectancies is influenced by the worker’s own evaluation of his competence. In addition, it was explicitly discussed that the expectancy theory contains four relevant components, to wit: job outcomes; valences (or the individuals’ feelings about the expected job outcomes); instrumentality, which refers to the link between performance

Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus

Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus is a book written by the psychologist John Gray, which was published in May 1992. It was published in many languages and was a true bestseller. In contrast to many other psychologists, who pay more attention to the similarity between the sexes, Gray focuses specifically on the differences. As an example, a typical problem is that women think that men can not listen. This is due to the fact that in a difficult moment a woman to speak out, and from the man she wants to get support and recognition that its difficulties are significant. A man in a hurry at once wants to find a solution, instead of listening carefully. In the book Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus will be reviewed different problems. For example, another problem is that men think that women try to remake them, like cut and make recommendations. For example, when a man can not do some task independently, the woman thinks that she should help, and begins to give advice. But a ma n sees in this not her help, and distrusts his own abilities, because for men it is important to reach all on his own. Other sex differences discussed in the book are in the points system for men and women, the behavior in stressful situations, etc. Introduction The approach to gender relations in the book is used as a metaphor, the assumption that men and women are so different that they can be regarded as originating from two different planets. It is not just another book of self help but a valuable tool for understanding what really goes on inside the heads of men and women, its changing moods and why those changes occur. One of the highlights of the book talks about the different reactions of men and women facing the same problem, for example, why women love to talk about problems with friends while men prefer to stay quiet, thinking of a solution, what makes women crazy, or because men dont like to request information, or because they hate it when they hear I told you!. Much more than just pointing out the differences, the book teaches how to handle these differences with practical solutions, and thus to save the relationships that seemed doomed to failure. Purpose In interpersonal relationships, man and woman are configured to achieve different goals. Woman set on communication and cooperation, love and understanding. The scientists noted that already in infancy girls are more emotionally responsive to peoples faces, while boys to the shape of objects. Man aims to win the status and authority on competition and its successful completion.Thus, entering into an unfamiliar room, the man first explores the sources of possible threats, scans the inputs and outputs (for possible derogations), sits with his back against the wall, so that he has precise control of the territory. The woman, coming together with him, picks up the emotional climate, draws attention to the interesting personalities, capable of a few minutes to determine the nuances of relationships that in each pair are present, according to Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus (2011). Man, conceived to be an exemplary provider and protector, can not stand to make mistakes and show a woman his own weakness or failure. He does not like to hear from womens tips, suggestions, comments, since he hears them about his accusation of incompetence. It will be up to exhaustion that led his wife and children in an unfamiliar place, but never to ask a passer-road. He will be agonizing experience, but not uttered a word with the woman that she did not recognize his failure. Therefore, a woman must be very thin and transparent to the man to direct him where he needs. Generally, for men it is very important to hear from the women that he really gives her all for her happiness, according to Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus: An Analysis of a Potential meme (2007). Sensory organs in a woman are sharper and more sensitive. Emotional adjustment in women is much higher than in men. Women feel thin little change in attitudes and moods, capture non-verbal signals that their brains are continually receives and analyzes information from the outside world. Woman understands the intricate relationship of heroes in movies and books, knows all about the tastes, preferences and problems of their children a man can only assume something. Hearing a woman for several orders of magnitude than the male. A woman knows how to share the sounds, assign them to different categories, to make a decision about each of them (which gives it the ability to simultaneously arguing with her husband, mentor a child and talking with a friend on the phone). Female hearing was originally set up to childs cry thats why for a man would be hard to sleep when the baby is beating in hysterics, and a woman wakes up at the first sound. The boys still in their teens cited a psychological deafness when they hear something that do not want to listen. If a woman wants a man to come up to important information, it is best to submit it in writing, according to Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus? (2007). The book Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus shows the importance of the issue in the society. The topic is extremely important and it is often discussed in the society. As a fact, there are many differences between men and women, which can be easily explained. That is why the book Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus will be interesting for both sexes, as there are many interesting issues discussed, which can contribute to the understanding between the sexes. The most famous book about the relationship between men and women will become movies. Hollywood producers are going to film a series of bestsellers by John Gray Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus, read before Bridget Jones and the millions of women worldwide. Of particular intrigue to this event was attached to that book of Gray its not fiction, and psychological benefits. Incidentally, this is not the first attempt to film the creation of John Gray. The romantic comedy Hes Just Not That Into You is based on the book You just do not like him. Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus was published in 1992 and immediately became a bestseller. Psychologist John Gray wrote a total of 16 books on gender relations, 13 of them dedicated to Mars and Venus. Metaphor, invented by Gray, turned into a real cultural phenomenon. Based on the books, information was delivered to the TV show, a musical, was released a DVD with lectures, the author who brought profits of more than 100 million dollars, and the books themselves separated the 50 millionth circulation in 45 countries. The very first of them lasted for nearly seven years in the bestseller list, The New York Times. Relationships Most problems in relationships, men and women arise because we are really different. And not just different men and women are from different planets. Our approach to most issues is so different that for the understanding of different issues we need a common language. Men are from Mars, Women Are from Venus is a U.S. trial, the best-selling book by John Gray published in 1992. Gray matter includes difference between men and women of essentialist views and exhibits examples and behaviors to allow both sexes to better understand the opposite sex, according to Deborah Cameron (2007). In 2006, the French translation of the book was directed by Thomas Douarec. This show has enjoyed considerable success across the francophone world. The show and book deal with the relationship of the couple in their corner very caricatured (men who do not ask for directions by car or women who carry too many clothes on a journey), traits being pushed deliberately in order to better illustrate and contrast male and female sides of each person, according to Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus (2007). About love and sex there is so much said and written, that remains to add that for women love this is poetry, and for the man prose. Man lives with the installation of doing something, he demonstrates a deep love acts (such as conquering a mountain peak or a knock-out carpets). A woman wants beautiful confessions and words. When relations are at a stage of courtship, the man says to a woman more than the rest of his life together is it the needs to achieve his goal in getting the desired girlfriend. In this case it is necessary to seek a compromise a man at times is romantic, and women appreciate what a man does for them. And how many tears shed by women due to the fact that in intimate relationships men pay little attention to caress and touch! Willingness to men for sex at almost any time in any mood (after a quarrel, during the illness of children, etc.) makes a woman think that a man just uses her! But let us turn to science and see that the hypothalamus, where is the center of sex, the male is much more feminine, in addition, the hormone testosterone, responsible for sexual attraction, in its content in the male body is 10-20 times higher than the female. Such is the nature. Truth I must say that this unrestrained desire has a clear subconscious goal the continuation of a kind, survival among the aggressive environment. In support of women say that their skin is 10 times more sensitive than men, it is thinner and comes with an additional layer. Thats why women are in dire need of touch. Men have thicker skin and is less sensitive to tactile contact (its sensitivity is concentrated in a few places). It is rather difficult to find a common language among such different creatures. Now a lot of talk is necessary about the problems of financial, political, or environmental, but few people think about the problems of the relationship. I think that the question of survival, even as they must come first and not just because a decrease in physical work degrades men as the stronger sex, but gradually takes the joy out of life, but the meaning of life in happiness. Who needs a life of continuous suffering and anxieties? And true happiness we can draw only a harmonious relationship. We eat no food, and energy is extracted from food. And this energy, that is giving us the fullness of life, we spend on the stress of negative relationships. Stress is the main catalyst of our quarrels. But the root cause of most conflicts is the fact that men and women in different ways have to cope with it. Their reactions to stress are very different and these differences are increasing with the increasing stress. American writer John Gray, Ph.D. in his book Mars and Venus: Why we fight? Says: Sometimes it seems that we are from different planets, men are from Mars and women from Venus. And there is not a positive understanding of the mechanisms for responding to stress, Mars and Venus are in conflict, rather than closer. The difference between the response to stress is that men cope with it alone and do not like when somebody is even helping him, not to mention that if he was ordered or even advised, and women, on the contrary, want him to communicate or work together, asking assistance. Coming tired from work, men tend to at least briefly retire to rest. Women are not capable of passive recreation and can not get rid of the weight of their cares and affairs. If the husband returns from work and is not in the spirit of loving wife the best of intentions, rather than to give it to recover alone, begins to pester him with questions, with their problems or even the consolation than further increases his stress. No wonder they say that good intentions lined the road to hell. A woman in distress has a need to speak out. The man, instead of silence to listen, (or at least pretend) that he listens, is thinking that his problems are not worth a damn, and is trying some way to soothe her, this way adding fuel to the fire. She decides that her husband does not sympathize with her. In men, there is an anti-stress hormone testosterone, and they produce it alone. Women have oxytocin. Women feel comfortable in a conversation, telling someone about their problems. Men do not like to complain and relieve stress, solving problems and acting independently. Ignorance of these differences leads to the fact that men are tired of womens issues (and they are never quiet, always somewhat concerned), dismiss them, words such as: Do not pay any attention to such trifles!. These words are only fueling the fire. She decides that the partner ignores it, does not want to give him attention. From this the stress only increases. Conversation threatens to grow into a quarrel. A man in a stressful, irritable state can not maintain a conversation. For him, to restore normal testosterone levels and calm down, you need some time to be alone and he, sensing the looming conflict, somehow stops the conflict and leaves. If a woman at this point is wise not to leave him alone and go after h im, trying something else to finish saying, the man can blow up and the scandal will be provided. As we know, the scandal is as a fire, it is easier to prevent than to extinguish it. To do this you need to know more its anatomy. The fact that women in conversation tend to move away from the main theme, that man, as mentioned in the previous article, annoying for the simple reason that he, unlike women, can only focus on one subject of discussion. Starting from this, nervous, he instinctively raises the tone. This, in turn, drives up the woman, and she already becomes angry, remembering all the past wrongs, totally forgetting about the problem of the conversation, according to according to Men are From Mars, Women are From Venus-what Does It Mean Really? (2010). To prevent this from happening, women need to try to track the topic of conversation, without going beyond its limits, until it is completed by a decision. And most importantly for both partners during the whole conversation it is important to remember about a compromise, if there is at least something they want to get from one another. Otherwise, they get nothing, except stress. And they lose energy, and with it good mood, maybe even in the long term, even health. Any pressure, according to the law of reflection, is causing even greater resistance from the other side. Differences It is known that women differ from men. There is a childrens song, which is sung, that the boys are made of pistols, soccer balls, slingshots and ruptured after climbing over the fences of pants. About the girls in the same song is sung, they are made of sweets, aerial lace dresses and ribbons, braided into tight braids caring moms. When we grow up, the difference between the sexes is not reduced, and vice versa, it becomes increasingly evident, even in appearance. For example, men do not have these breasts that are tempting to stick out from under your fashion T-shirts. And women are the subject of a mens pride, an object of admiration and envy of mens girlfriends. Sexes differ in chromosome structure. That is, the differences start at the biological level: For example, women are better versed in the smells. Their brains can store and classify the different smells much better than the average male brain. But for men, this ability is an exception. Male perspective is arranged in such a way that they see in the dark better than women do, and thus may be well to concentrate on driving. Womens skin is much more sensitive, since it has more nerve endings. Therefore, women are so fond of massages and all sorts of amenities such as aromatic shower gels and creams for massage. Women sweat twice as compared with men, according to How men from Mars and women from Venus Can make the most of their differences (2008). Women have better-developed intuition. This is due to the fact that we have more interactions between the two halves of the brain the left and right. While men can not immediately switch from a logical problem in the figurative, some time needs to pass. So when a woman calls him at work to inform that she bought a wonderful summer curtains tropical colors (as recommended by designers this season), a man may fall short in a stupor, trying to adjust to a different way of working of the brain. He is now obsessed with the whole process of intelligence or strategic planning. So women do not have to be offended if a man answers her a little harsh and off-topic. This does not apply to a woman personally. Women tend to be dissatisfied with their figure, all the time trying to find flaws in themselves. Women do not give any names and nicknames, caressing the body parts, which can not be said about men. Women in a joint interview prefer to talk about their failures. Also, women often have not enough communication, received on the job, and they want a little chat after work with her man. Men, by contrast, often exaggerate their abilities, are rarely dissatisfied with their figure, and prefer to talk only about their successes and achievements in various fields of life. They totally lack of communication that they received during the day at work and many evening conversations can lull them, according to Men are From Mars, Women are From Venus-what Does It Mean Really? (2010). We are so very different from each other as Mars and Venus. It is unclear how we all manage to coexist under one roof. At the same time, in our differences there is a big plus they are the guarantee of our mutual attraction. As men and women, we all want to be happy. Irresistible desire for happiness is the strongest instinct and desire. It does not matter what its made from butterscotch and fruit gum, or toy cars and slingshots and we are particularly pleased at the very moment when our happiness is the joint. Gray presents almost exclusively focus on differences, unlike many psychologists (and feminists), but also points out that Mars and Venus are only stereotypes and can not describe the individual woman or man. This reservation is easily overlooked in the book, then focuses just on differences, not similarities. Not all sex researchers agree with Gray in the fact that two sexes communicate in such different ways, as it has been pointed out that there is often very large overlap in gender psychology. Among feminists, the book has been criticized for being misogyn or to require that women must adapt to mens behavior. Others have pointed out that Gray has not made detailed references to the research he claims underlie the book. Martians appreciate the power, efficiency, and love to compete who will overtake someone who will reach more in life. Their regular job is to assert itself in our own and others eyes, to prove that they are better, stronger, more talented than others. Their sense of self is determined by how they are able to achieve good results. Only success gives them a feeling of fullness of life, self-realization, according to Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus Author John Gray coming to KC to talk about New Book Venus on Fire Mars on Ice (2010). For women there are other values. For them, above all, is love, companionship, beauty, the world of human relations. They leave plenty of time to care, support and help each other. Their sense of self is determined by their feelings and the quality of relationships. The contacts with others, opportunities to share their own feelings, and experiences, as well as sharing others joys and sorrows, which realize their potential. Interests focus on the Martians subjects, things, rather than on people and their feelings. And today, on Earth, while women dream about love, thoughts, men occupy powerful cars, computers, working with incredible speed, technical innovations and advanced technologies. They care about things that can help them achieve those or other results, in terms of their power and for women communication is paramount. Sharing their feelings and experiences for them is far more important than to achieve success or to achieve high results. They realize themselves in conversation, relationships with others experiencing this feeling of great satisfaction. For the Martians it is essential to reach the result: for them it is a way to prove that they are worth something, and it brings them the moral satisfaction. However, men feel it only if they got the desired results on their own, and not someone elses help. At the same time, womens intuition is very strong. They have developed this ability over the centuries, divining the wishes and needs of others. They are proud that they can be empathetic and able to capture the feelings one experiences. Offer help and assistance before men ask about is womens brightest manifestation of love, according to according to Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus (2011). To sum it up, it can be said that Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus is a book written by John Gray. It is a self-help book that offers a range of solutions designed to improve the relationship between spouses. The starting point of the book is that the two sexes are very different, and for that relationship to function, it is necessary to understand the opposite sex different forms of communication and emotional needs. Gray uses the Roman gods, respectively, war and love as a metaphor for gender differences. Conclusion This book will help to learn the practical aspect of the solution of problems arising from misunderstanding of insurmountable differences between men and women. There is described a theoretical analysis of the psychology of these differences, as well as a practical tutorial for creating such relationships, which by law can be called love. Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus is one of the greatest bestsellers of our time. This is a book that has changed for the better the fate of people who read it. Most problems in relationships, which arise among men and women, occur because we are really different. And not just different people we are from different planets. Our approach to most issues is so different that for the present understanding of special needs a common language is needed and this book will help to find and learn the language of each and every. When we learn it, disappears the majority of the reasons to be unhappy in love, in family, in business relationships. The book is intended for all men and women over 16 years.