Glossary of Historical Terms

All eras of history have their own terms and words unique to them; if you’re lucky, they’ll even be in a language you speak. But the act of studying history has a range of terms too, and this page will explain the historiographical terms used both throughout the site, and the books students commonly need. Read these  tips for writing a history paper. History Terms From A to Z Archive: A collection of documents and records. Archives can be huge and take years to adequately master (or, in the case of some museums, even longer), and they can just be small but deliberate groupings of material. They are the homes of the previous generation of historians but are increasingly going online. ​Autobiography: An individuals account of their life. The auto part means that individual has had major input, if not writing it themselves, but this doesn’t mean the work will be historically accurate. The historian will have to judge that, but it does mean it’s the past as the individual wishes it to be remembered.Bibliography: A list of works, including books, journals, and essays, on a particular subject. Most serious historical works have a bibliography of what was used to create it, and most students and readers are encouraged to use it as a basis for exploration.Biography: An account of an individuals life, written by another person. This might be a historian, it might be a hack selling tawdry rumors and needs to be assessed just as carefully as an autobiography.Book Review: A critical examination of a text, usually including a summary of the work and opposing views. Journalistic book reviews will tend to focus on whether the book is good, academic book reviews will tend to place the book in the context of the field (and whether it’s good.)Context: The background and specific circumstances of a subject, such as an authors lifestyle, or the weather during a car crash. Context is absolutely everything when it comes to analyzing  a document, or setting the scene for your essay.Discipline: The study, or practice, of a subject using a specific set of methods, terms, and approaches. History is a discipline, as is Archaeology, Chemistry or Biology.Encyclopedia: A written reference work, composed of informative articles arranged alphabetically. These can either focus on a particular subject or, in the case of the Encyclopaedi a Britannica, on everything. The more an encyclopedia covers, the less depth it tends to have, so volumes specific to your target subject are the goal.History: Either the study of the past or the product of our attempts to understand the past. See ‘the Past’ below for the full explanation.Historian: An individual who studies the past.Historiography: Either the methods and principles used in the study of history or the written result.Interdisciplinary: The study, or practice, of a subject which applies the methods and approaches of several disciplines. For instance, while History, Literature, and Archaeology are separate disciplines, they can be combined.Journal: A periodical which normally deals with a specific issue, for instance, National Geographic. By periodical, we mean a sort of magazine.Past, The: Events which happened previously in time. It might sound strange to have ‘history’ and ‘the past’ meaning different things, but the distinctio n is important when you remember that all our attempts to narrate and explain earlier events are affected by our own biases and difficulties of time and transmission. What historians have done is used ‘The Past’ as a base point: this is what happened, this is what most people think of as history. Historians then consider ‘history’ as the product of our attempts to recreate the past.Primary Sources: Material from, or directly related to, the past. In History, primary sources are usually letters, records or other documents created during the period that is being studied, such as diaries, legal notices or accounts. However, primary sources can include photographs, jewelry, and other items.Reference Work: A text, usually in the form of a dictionary or encyclopedia which contains facts and information, but not normally discussions.Secondary Sources: Material created by somebody removed from the event being studied - who was either not at the event, or was workin g later. For instance, all history textbooks are secondary sources.

Discover the Code-Breaking History of the Rosetta Stone

The Rosetta Stone, which is housed in the British Museum, is a black, possibly basalt slab with three languages on it (Greek, demotic and hieroglyphs) each saying the same thing. Because the words are translated into the other languages, it provided Jean-Francois Champollion the key to the mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Discovery of the Rosetta Stone Discovered at Rosetta (Raschid) in 1799, by Napoleons army, the Rosetta Stone proved the key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs. The person who found it was Pierre Francois-Xavier Bouchards, a French officer of engineers. It was sent to the Institut dEgypte in Cairo and then taken to London in 1802. Rosetta Stone Content The British Museum describes the Rosetta Stone as a priestly decree affirming the cult of 13-year-old Ptolemy V. The Rosetta Stone tells of an agreement between Egyptian priests and the pharaoh on March 27, 196 B.C. It names honors bestowed on Macedonian Pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes. After praising the pharaoh for his generosity, it describes the siege of Lycopolis and the kings good deeds for the temple. The text continues with its main purpose: establishing a cult for the king. Related Meaning for the Term Rosetta Stone The name Rosetta Stone is now applied to just about any type of key used to unlock a mystery. Even more familiar may be a popular series of computer-based language-learning programs using the term Rosetta Stone as a registered trademark. Among its growing list of languages is Arabic, but, alas, no hieroglyphs. Physical Description of the Rosetta Stone From the Ptolemaic Period, 196 B.C.Height: 114.400 cm (max.)Width: 72.300 cmThickness: 27.900 cmWeight: about 760 kilograms (1,676 lb.). Location of the Rosetta Stone Napoleons army found the Rosetta Stone, but they surrendered it to the British who, led by Admiral Nelson, had defeated the French at the Battle of the Nile. The French capitulated to the British at Alexandria in 1801 and as terms of their surrender, handed over the artifacts they had unearthed, chiefly the Rosetta Stone and a sarcophagus traditionally (but subject to dispute) attributed to Alexander the Great. The British Museum has housed the Rosetta Stone since 1802, except for the years 1917-1919 when it was temporarily moved underground to prevent possible bomb damage. Prior to its discovery in 1799, it had been in the town of el-Rashid (Rosetta), in Egypt. Languages of the Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone is inscribed in 3 languages: Demotic (the everyday script, used to write documents),Greek (the language of Ionian Greeks, an administrative script), andHieroglyphs (for priestly business). Deciphering the Rosetta Stone No one could read hieroglyphs at the time of the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, but scholars soon pieced out a few phonetic characters in the demotic section, which, by comparison with the Greek, were identified as proper names. Soon proper names in the hieroglyphic section were identified because they were circled. These circled names are called cartouches. Jean-Francois Champollion (1790-1832) was said to have learned enough Greek and Latin by the time he was 9-years-old to read Homer and Vergil (Virgil). He studied Persian, Ethiopic, Sanskrit, Zend, Pahlevi, and Arabic, and worked on a Coptic dictionary by the time he was 19. Champollion finally found the key to translating the Rosetta Stone in 1822, published in Lettre à   M. Dacier.

The Differences in Josephine and Mrs. Mallard of Kate...

The Differences in Josephine and Mrs. Mallard of Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour Free! Body and soul free!, Mrs. Mallard kept whispering. One persons ultimate freedom may be seen as a tragedy to another. Kate Chopin illustrates this idea in The Story of an Hour. The story is set in the nineteenth century. Chopin uses the death of Mr. Mallard to show the reader Mrs. Mallards deep feelings. In the story, Josephine and Mrs. Mallard are sisters. Although the women come from the same background, live in the same city, and outwardly appear to be satisfied with their lives, their attitudes are very different. Chopin uses these two women as foil characters in the story. The differences in the women are seen in their reactions to†¦show more content†¦Mallard lets the reader know she feels imprisoned by her life as Mrs. Mallard, Mr. Mallards wife. Mrs. Mallard feels stifled and bound by her limited opportunities. Josephine and Mrs. Mallard may be sisters, but they have very different outlooks on a womans role in society. The differences in Josephine and Mrs. Mallard are evident in their reactions to the news of Mr. Mallards death. Josephine cannot find a ray of hope in Mr. Mallards death. She is overwhelmed with sadness. She is very careful how she tells Mrs. Mallard of her husbands death. Josephine uses broken sentences and veiled hints when telling Mrs. Mallard of Mr. Mallards death. Josephine knows that Mrs. Mallard depends on her husband for everything. However, Mrs. Mallards reaction to the news is very different. Mrs. Mallard loves her husband. She is saddened by the news, but she is able to see into the future. She is able to see a future with color and brightness. Mrs. Mallard feels set free from bondage. She no longer sees a world of restrictions but a world of opportunity and adventure. Her husbands death brings revival to her soul. Chopin says, Mrs. Mallard is drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window. The news of Mr. Mallards death is tragic but brings very different reac tions from Josephine and Mrs. Mallard. At the end of the story, when Mr. Mallard enters his house, Josephine and Mrs. Mallard respond very distinctly. JosephineShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1540 Words   |  7 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, the main character, Mrs. Louise Mallard, is a woman with a heart problem that gets horrifying news that her husband has passed away in a train crash. When she starts thinking about her freedom, she gets excited; she is happy to start her new, free life. However, a few hours later her husband walks in the door and she finds out it was all a mistake. When she realizes her freedom is gone her heart stop and she then dies. In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† Desiree is an orphanedRead MoreThe Power Of Freedom By Kate Chopin1279 Words   |  6 Pagestwo authors that were discussed in EFL 095 that use the theme of freedom in their short stories. First of all, there is Kate Chopin’s thousand word short story, â€Å"The Stor y of an Hour,† which has understandably become a favorite selection for collections of short stories as well as for anthologies of American literature (Berkove 1). â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† describes the personal circumstances of Kate Chopin’s life after the death of her husband, which opened up the door to develop her talent in writingRead MoreCompare and Contrast - Story of an Hour and Astronomers Wife648 Words   |  3 PagesCompare and Contrast Story of an Hour and Astronomers Wife It is a very difficult task for women to live a content life while in a despondent marriage. Though it has been done, it is simply no easy task. In the short stories Story of an hour, and Astronomers Wife Kate Chopin and Kay Boyle both suggests to their readers that a woman needs a man to connect with her physically to be happy. The two stories both share the thesis that women are being held back by their husbands and thereRead More Struggles for Release2198 Words   |  9 Pages The two American short stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne both portrays a similar theme. The two protagonists in both short stories suffer mental or emotional torture and was trap in a literary cage. In addition, both characters in the stories meet death in the end, and that death symbolizes their freedom from the world and society that was grasping on to them. A main topic of American short stories that constantly show s up since the earlierRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1150 Words   |  5 PagesKate Chopin’s work â€Å"The Story of An Hour†, is a short story focusing on the death of Mrs. Mallard’s husband, who supposedly died in a tragic train wreck. Upon hearing the news of her husband’s death, she strangely didn’t respond the way many loving wives would. Mrs. Mallard’s response showed the realization of how this death would affect her future life. Although Mrs. Mallard realizes that she will grieve her adoring spouse s passing, however she likewise predicts numerous years of opportunity,Read MoreThe Story of an Hour and A Pair of Silk Stockings Essay example1299 Words   |  6 Pagesin life. Realism is represented in Kate Chopins short stories The Story of an Hour and A Pair of Silk Stockings. In both the short stories, the main characters get to face a dream/fantasy that they’ve always wanted to encounter; something rare that la sted only for a short amount of time. The freedom that each character got was some sort of new freedom that they never experienced before. For example in The Story of an Hour, the main character Louise Mallards is feels oppressed because she cantRead MoreStory of an Hour by Lawrence L. Berkove3379 Words   |  14 Pagesâ€Å"Fatal Self-Assertion in Kate Chopins ‘The Story of an Hour.’† American Literary Realism 32, no. 2 (winter 2000): 152-58. [In the following essay, Berkove contends that Chopins narration of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is ironic rather than straightforward.] Kate Chopins thousand-word short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† has understandably become a favorite selection for collections of short stories as well as for anthologies of American literature. Few other stories say so much in so few wordsRead MoreGender Roles and Marriage Essay1997 Words   |  8 PagesThe examination of gender roles and marriage are seen through the following short stories The Story of an Hour, The Necklace, and Country Lovers, along with scholarly articles based on gender role and marriage. Evaluation of these literary works shows quite clearly that social and economic class affects choice in marriage. Gardiner’s County Lovers presents its fairly clear theme right from the beginning of the story. Yes, there is a theme of race, but if you look even deeper you can see the underlyingRead MoreRelationships in Cathedral and the Story of an Hour1968 Words   |  8 PagesCathedral and The Story of an Hour Relationships are easy to make, but not necessarily easy to maintain. There are many events in a person’s individual life that has an impact on the way they treat or interact with another person. In Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† there are significant similarities and differences between the three couples. Given the time period that these stories were written there are many more similarities than differences. One of the

Elton Mayo Contribution to Management and Hr in Particular.

DISCUSS THE CONTRIBUTION OF ELTON MAYO TO MANAGEMENT IN GENERAL AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARTICULAR. The Hawthorne Experiments and Human Behavior Elton Mayos studies grew out of preliminary experiments at the Hawthorne plant from 1924 to 1927 on the effect of light on productivity. Those experiments showed no clear connection between productivity and the amount of illumination but researchers began to wonder what kind of changes would influence output. Variables Affecting Productivity Specifically, Elton Mayo wanted to find out what effect fatigue and monotony had on job productivity and how to control them through such variables as rest breaks, work hours, temperature and humidity. In the process, he stumbled upon a principle†¦show more content†¦The workplace is a social system. The researchers came to view the workplace as a social system made up of interdependent parts. The worker is a person whose attitudes and effectiveness are conditioned by social demands from both inside and outside the work plant. Informal group within the work plant exercise strong social controls over the work habits and attitudes of the individual worker. The need for recognition, security and sense of belonging is more important in determining workers morale and productivity than the physical conditions under which he works. The major finding of the study was that almost regardless of the experimental manipulation, worker production seemed to continually improve. One reasonable conclusion is that the workers were happy to receive attention from the researchers who expressed an interest in them. Originally, the study was expected to last one year, but since the findings were inexplicable when the researchers tried to relate the workers efficiency to manipulated physical conditions, the project was incrementally extended to five years. Conclusions on Job Performance Elton Mayo came to the following conclusions as a result of the study: The aptitudes of individuals are imperfect predictors of job performance. Although theyShow MoreRelatedHrm Growth in India2717 Words   |  11 Pagesprofession - Per. Management (PM)    Shift in focus towards Professionalisation of MGT.-Massive thrust to heavy industry (II-Five Year Plan) amp; accelerated growth of public sector in Indian economy 1970s-Shift in Professional Values - Focus from welfare to focus on Efficiency    1980s-New Technologies, HRM challenges, HRD- Talk of Professionals 1980s-IIPM and NILM merged, birth of National Institute of Personnel Management (NIPM)1990- ASPM (USA) change to Society for Human Resource Management 1990s-EmphasisRead Morehuman resourse Essay1773 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Communication: Human Resource Management: Introduction H1KP 34 Outcome 1 Candidate Name: Wang Danyang Grade and Class: 2012 Business Management E1 Table of Contents Cover Page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2 1. The Definition and Discrimination of HRM and PM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 1.1 The Definition of Human Resource Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 1.2 The Definition of Personal Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Read MoreExecutive Summary : Human Resource Management3525 Words   |  15 PagesExecutive summary Human resource management is the process of managing human as resources for some organization. It is an important concept for most of the business organization. The model given by the Guest is based on the notion that human resource management is somehow different from other personnel management, so it is most popular among the business organizations. A strategic approach is important for most of the organizations as it works as the legal framework of that organization .It definesRead MoreDo Employees Care About Corporate Responsibility?3795 Words   |  16 Pagesengagement has only become popular in the last 20 years, early insights around employee engagement originated with George Elton Mayo and his work at Hawthorne Works (a General Electric Company) in the 1920s. In studying human behavior, Mayo’s research challenged Taylor’s principles of scientific management by providing alternative motivation theories outside of self interest (Mayo, 1933). 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However, recent research suggests that there are costs for these organizations in terms of their impaired ability to perform long term. Many companies have shown poor leadership when trying to capitalize on technological

New Business Venture Music Academy Free Essays

Introduction/aground After over five years experience working In corporations, four friends have a desire to start their own business because they enjoy creating music and saw the need for music training in downtown Toronto. The music academy would cater specifically to children ages 3-16 specializing in rock music genres preparing them in lessons for â€Å"voice, guitar, keyboard, and percussion so they can perform in their own bands†(Scalable 469). By offering specialized musical theory lessons to the children (public), the music academy can create a niche market segment and obtain a portion f the current musical retail/lesson market share currently share amongst Long and Macaque, Cosmos Music, and Stave’s Music. We will write a custom essay sample on New Business Venture: Music Academy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Business Objective The music academy strategic goals include growth, expansion, dominating market share, and profitability. They must fully utilize each other’s strengths and weaknesses to begin the business. In order to meet these objectives, the team must cooperate, incorporate effective customer service, and use their passion for music towards teaching, while creating a diversified musical learning environment. Current Situation and Problem/Opportunity Statement Environmental scanning and market research yielded results that indicated that the music academy is currently positioned in a busy location with high traffic and opportunities include a need for specialized guitar lessons in the rock music genre. In order to capitalized the opportunity for growth and compete with current music retail/lesson businesses (I. . Long and Macaque), It would be advisable for the music academy to offer a selection of musical Instruments and accessories available for sale to the general public that Include both purchasing and financing options. The current team has the necessary skills for musical instruction involving bass, keyboard, vocals, guitar, and drums. A potential problem that poses a threat wo uld be access to capital and making sure that the initial investment costs are covered â€Å"after two years in business†(Scalable 470). Critical Assumptions and Constraints This project requires strong participation of each music business members and the children. The four friends who participated In this music business should be able to work In a team and understand teaching children. The children must show improvement to prove the music training’s effectiveness. Most members need to learn some teaching skills and training because of their lack of experience. Some members will still have other employment, so there is a need for pre-arranged shifts. Different courses with different teachers will be offered because of the members different skill set. Analysis of Options and Recommendation Our three options for our new business: 1 . Start the business immediately, since the key people are ready to build a music academy, a bass teacher who has experience of few paid gigs and also knows the aboard, a guitar teacher who can also record and edit CDC, a singing teacher who also knows how to work a crowd, and a drum teacher who is also a music teacher in the middle school. The business can start right away according to the original plan. 2. Hold the business until there are enough staffs and Investments to start. Since there opening, until all the preparations are finished. 3. Do not start the business at all. Since the members all have Jobs and are doing well on their own, they do not really need to take the risk to start this business. Preliminary Project Requirements The main requirements of this project include the following: 1 . The business needs the initial investment amount. . The business needs cooperation of all team members. 3. The business needs a place to rent, and musical equipment. 4. Each team member needs to arrange his or her schedule because of different availabilities. 5. Each team member must be trained to teach children because not everyone knows how. Budget Estimate and Financial Analysis A preliminary estimate of costs for the entire project is $100,000 for the first year. Most of the costs come from salaries, $108,000, then ope rating costs, $60,000. How to cite New Business Venture: Music Academy, Papers

Contractibility transparency of financial - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss aboutthe Contractibility transparency of financial. Answer: Free cash flow during 2009: The above figure mainly helps in identifying the overall value per share of General Mills Inc. The valuation is mainly identified by calculating the present value of free cash flow, which is detected from the evaluation. The free cash flow is detected by detecting cash from operation to cash investment in operations. This directly helps in detecting the free cash flow, where discounting rate is used to identify the actual prevent value of the derived free cash flow. Then the enterprise value is derived by adding present value of continuing value and total free cash flow. This depicts the actual enterprise value with the net debt used by the organisation (Ball, Li and Shivakumar 2015). The equity value is detected by deducting the enterprise value with the net debt of the organisation. Lastly, the overall value per shar is identified by dividing the equity value with the number of share issued by the organisation. 3% growth in free cash flow: The changes in the continuing value mainly changes the overall value per share, which is depicted in the above figure. This change in the value per share is mainly conducted by the 3% growth in free cash flow after 2009. This eventually help in detecting the overall value per share, as the enterprise value changes with the change in continuing value of the firm. This directly depicts the overall value per share at the levels of 51.86 after the increment in 3% growth. Kimberly-Clark Corporation Free cash from Method 1 and Method 2: The above calculation is mainly conducted on the basis of method 1 and method 2, which helps in depicting the net pay-out to shareholders. The free cash flow under method 1 for Kimberly-Clark Corporation is mainly at the levels of 1,563.90. These methods mainly use the overall common equity and net operating assets in deriving the overall calculations. The net operating assets are mainly derived by deducting operating assets with operating liabilities (Dung 2016). Moreover, the common equity is detected by deducting net operating assets with financial assets. Free cash flow: The calculation mainly represents the overall reported cash flow from operations conducted by the company. In addition, the Free cash flow is mainly derived by deducting the overall cash spend on investing and marketing securities with the total reported cash flow from operations. The overall free cash flow is mainly detected at the levels of 1,725.52 for the fiscal year. Reference: Ball, R., Li, X. and Shivakumar, L., 2015. Contractibility and transparency of financial statement information prepared under IFRS: Evidence from debt contracts around IFRS adoption.Journal of Accounting Research,53(5), pp.915-963. Dung, N.V., 2016. Value-relevance of financial statement information: A flexible application of modern theories to the Vietnamese stock market.Quarterly Journal of Economics,84, pp.488-500.

Consumption Can Be Store The Understated †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Consumption Can Be Store The Understated? Answer: Introducation Some of the marzipan should be rolled to a ball. The ball size should be made so that it can fit within a plastic bag. Marzipan ball should be tightly rolled within freezer wrap or within a plastic bag. The surface should be covered in such a way that there should not exists any chances for air to enter within it (Boerboom and Fischer 2013). The wrapped ball of marzipan should be kept in a plastic bag, which is re-sealable. Air should be squeeze as much as possible and then the bag should be sealed. The above steps should be repeated for rest of the marzipan. The plastic bags should be put in the refrigerators for a month. Marzipans are considered to be the type of the confection that mainly consists mainly of sugar or honey with the meal of almond mainly augmented with the extract of the almond oil. It is also made into the form sweets. Some common marzipans are generally covered with chocolates or any other flavor. Few marzipans are covered with the small and different types of fruits and vegetables. It is also used in covering the birthday cakes in the form of icing in glazed conditions. The pastes of marzipan are used for making moulds of different shapes and sizes. But, in general the moulds of the animal models, egg whites are not being used for doing it. Egg whites are used in mainly used for softening the marzipans but in case of preparing the marzipan models, it needs to be hard enough so that it does not breaks off. This is the main reason; egg whites are not used in preparation of marzipan models. The four key points that should be paid attention while making marzipan animals are as follows: The side of marzipan should be covered with crme otherwise brown chocolate cake will be visible which can affect the look of marzipan animal Appropriate technique should be adapted for drying the figures of marzipan. If appropriate technique is not adapted then the marzipan animal can be injured and the look of marzipan animal cake can be hampered. Marzipan animal should be rolled for 2 to 3 mm so that the marzipan animal can maintain its shape. Detailed modelling of marzipan animal should be done. Utilisation of picks and sponge should be done for detailed modelling of marzipan (Hoban 2016). The different types of marzipan pastes are as follows: Marzipan: It is used for covering the fruit cakes and detailed modeling. The ratio of almond and sugar is 50%. Marzicover: This one of the economical product used for covering the cakes. Ratio of almond is 34% and sugar is 66%. Therefore, a sweet paste gets melts easily in mouth. Almond paste: It is used in baking as well as in chocolate products. The ratio of almond is 66% and sugar is 34%. This paste does not have a great a capability to roll out. Short crust paste: Short crust paste is crisp as well as brittle. This paste is not resilient as well as non-elastics. It is used for making savoury products. The ratio of almond is 40% and sugar is 60% (Van Gansbeke et al. 2017). The ingredients and the measurements for the preparation of the marzipan is mentioned as (Schelm et al. 2017): 1 cupfadedand ground almonds (approximately 3? ounces) almond flour is the easiest way to get this ingredient, but dried almonds can be used for grinding for the paste 2 cups confectioner (powdered) sugar (approximately 5? ounces) 1 tablespoon light corn syrup teaspoon almond extract The process of preparing marzipan can be listed as: The almond flour and the powdered sugar were shifted in a bowl and are being passed by the help of the strainer with the help of the measuring cup. A mild difference in the measurement can definitely cause difference in the taste of the marzipan. The ground almonds and sugar are being mixed together and are combined completely. The almond extract and the corn syrup are mixed and are being poured in to the dry ingredients. These entire mixtures are being mixed and are kneaded with the hand. Half tablespoon of water was added at first, then the rest of the tablespoon only if necessary, working the mixture until it becomes dough-like. A bit more water was added if necessary. The entire dough was put into the freezer and are being rolled into a smooth log. The smooth log of dough was being refrigerated for approx more than one hour. For serving, it can be cut into different shapes when required. The different types of food colors available in the market are (Attokaran 2017). These are the water-based dye and are readily available in the general stores in market. It comes in little squeeze bottles, which that allows for dripping the dye drop by drop into batters and icings. It is considered to be the less intense dye, its quiet easy for adding the color to any recipe of the food. Since it's so readily available, liquid dye is popular for tinting icings, batters and dough of marzipans. These are available in small bottles that contain a viscous, thick gel-type liquid. The texture is due to its glycerin with corn syrup base. It is quiet concentrated in liquid gel colorings and a very small amount will impart a much more bright coloration. It can make liquid gel dyes last longer. Liquid gel dyes also add less liquid to recipes, making them better suited to cakes that call for a large amount of dye. Cakes or marzipans that require very less amount of color, liquid gel dye are used, mainly in the case for the red velvet cakes and the marzipans as well. It is a very thick, super-concentrated version of liquid gel color. Where liquid gel can be dotted through a squeeze bottle, this is an extremely thick mixture. It is generally used in the marzipans in a very large scale (Zahra et al. 2015) Powdered Dye Coloring chocolates, in dry mixes or coloring the sugar crystals, powdered dyes are being used. Roses, Sunflowers Apples, Pineapples Monkeys, Dogs References Attokaran, M., 2017.Natural food flavors and colorants. John Wiley Sons. Boerboom, F.J.G. and Fischer, S., Friesland Brands BV, 2013.Chocolate with milk fat fractions. U.S. Patent Application 14/390,240. Hoban, R., 2016.The marzipan pig. New York Review of Books. Schelm, S., Haase, I., Fischer, C. and Fischer, M., 2017. Development of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Determination of Apricot in Marzipan Using the Plexor System.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry,65(2), pp.516-522. Van Gansbeke, B., Bny, G., De Loose, M. and Taverniers, I., 2017. A TaqMan Real-Time PCR Assay for Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) as an Authenticity Test for Detection of Traces of Persipan in Marzipan.Food Analytical Methods, pp.1-7. Zahra, N., Alim-un-Nisa, Z.F., Kalim, I. and Saeed, K., 2015. Identification of synthetic food dyes in beverages by thin layer chromatography.Pakistan Journal of Food Sciences,25(4), pp.178-181.

Assigment 2 free essay sample

1. Suppose that you can trade a riskless asset that yields 5% and two risky assets A and B. The expected return of asset A is 8% and that of asset B is 11%, while the standard deviation of asset A is 14% and that of asset B is 23%. The covariance between assets A and B is 0:0322. Solution . rA,B= CovAR(A,B) / [(? A)(? B)] = -0. 0322 / (14%)(23%) rA,B = -1 But when rA,B = -1, (? p)^2 = [wA(? A) – wB(? B)]^2, ? p = wA(? A) – wB(? B) Is there is no risk fo the portafolio, then ? p = 0 So this means that: 0 = 14%(wA) – 23%(1 – wA), solve this for wA, wA = 0. 6216 wB = 1 – wA, wB = 0. 3784 E(Rp) = 0. 6216(8%) + 0. 3784(11%) = 9. 1352% Suppose that each one of the securities has a value of $100, Cash Flow Today Cash Flow 1 year from today Buy 0. 6216 units of A -$62. 16 $62. 16(1. 08) = +$67. 13 Buy 0. 3784 units of B -$37. 84 $37. 84(1. 11) = +$42. 00 Short 1 unit of risk-free +$100 -$100(1. 05) = -$105 Net Cash Flow 0 +$4. 13 What today will be $4. 13/(1. 05) = $3. 93 2. You are the risk manager in a major investment bank. We will write a custom essay sample on Assigment 2 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The banks current portfolio consists of U. S. stocks (50%), bonds (20%), and derivatives (30%). The expected returns and standard deviations of these investments are Expected Return 13% 7% 25% Standard Deviation 25% 9% 50% A trader comes with a idea about investing in some new emerging markets: the markets of Polynesia, Micronesia, and New Caledonia. These markets have the following characteristics: Polynesia Micronesia New Caledonia Expected Return 18% 20% 22% Standard Deviation 30% 35% 28% Correlation with Stocks 0. 4 0. 2 0. 6 Correlation with Bonds 0. 3 0. 1 0. 2 Correlation with Derivatives 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 Your job as risk manager is to determine how this investment would project the overall risk of the banks portfolio. Based on risk considerations alone, which of the three emerging markets is the best investment? Assume that the investment in the new market is based by borrowing on the riskless asset, and that it is a very small part of the banks overall investment. The market with the smallest risk contribution can be figured by determining the CovAR of each market to the portfolio. CovAR(RA, RM) = (? A)var(RM) Thus, it eliminates the need to determine Var(RM). If the CovAR of Polynesia to the bank’s portfolio can be measured by first determining the covariance between stocks, bonds, and derivatives. Then, these values can be summed to compute the CovAR of Polynesia to the bank’s portfolio. CovAR(Polynesia, Stocks) = xstocks(? Polynesia)(? stocks)(weight of stocks) = 0. 4 * 0. 3 * 0. 25 * 0. 5 = 0. 015 With similar calculations, CovAR(Polynesia, Bonds) = 0. 00162 and CovAR(Polynesia, Derivatives) = 0. 009 CovAR(Polynesia, portfolio) can be computed by summing CovAR(Polynesia, Stocks), CovAR(Polynesia, Bonds), and CovAR(Polynesia, Derivatives) CovAR(Polynesia, portfolio) = 0. 015 + 0. 00162 + 0. 009 = 0. 2562 With similar calculations, CovAR(Micronesia, portfolio) = 0. 02513, CovAR(NewCaledonia, portfolio) = 0. 038808 The best option of investment is the bank is Micronesia. 3. Stocks X, Y, and Z have the same expected return 8% and the same standard deviation 19% (a)Compute the standard deviation of the equally weighted portfolio if the correlation between all pairs of stocks is 1:0. Explain the intuition behind this result. r = 1, ? p = 19% With a perfect positive correlation, there is no idiosyncratic risk, thus there are no benefits of diversification. (b) Compute the standard deviation of the equally weighted portfolio if the correlation between all pairs of stocks is 0:5. Using excel, when r = 0. 5, ? p = 15. 51% (c) Compute the standard deviation of the equally weighted portfolio if the correlation between all pairs of stocks is 0:0. Using excel, when r = 0, ? p = 10. 97% (d) Compute the standard deviation of the equally weighted portfolio if the correlation between all pairs of stocks is 0:5. Using excel, when r = -0. 5, ? p = 0% (e) Explain intuitively in which case above (a) to (d) (if any) is the equally weighted portfolio the minimum variance portfolio? (No computation is needed. ) The minimum variance portfolio is seen when r = -0. 5. Here, ? p = 0% (f) How does your answer to part (e) change if stocks X, Y, and Z have the same expected return 11% instead of 8% and nothing else is changed? No change (g) How does your answer to part (e) change if stocks X, Y, and Z have the same standard deviation 15% instead of 19% and nothing else is changed? No change 4. Your rich uncle asks you financial advice. He is currently holding a portfolio of 30% T-bills and 70% Microsoft stock. The beta of Microsoft is 1. 2 and the standard deviation is 37. 95%. You decide to base your advice on the CAPM. The T-bill rate is 5%. The market portfolio has expected return 15% and standard deviation 20%. (a)What is the expected return of your uncles portfolio? E(RM) = 5% + 1. 2(15% 5%) = 17% E(Rp) = (3/10)5% + (7/10)17% = 13. 4% (b) What is the standard deviation of your uncles portfolio? (? p)^2 = (7/10)^2(0. 3795)^2 + (3/10)^2(0)^2 + 0 = 0. 0705699 ? p = 0. 0705699^0. 5 = 0. 26565 = 26. 565% (c) You decide to recommend to your uncle a portfolio that has the same expected return as his portfolio but the lowest possible standard deviation. Which is this portfolio, and what is its standard deviation? 13. 4% = wTP(15%) + (1 – wTP)(5%) solving for wTP, wTP = 0. 84 wT = 1 – wTP, wT = 0. 16 (? p)^2 = 0. 84^2(0. 2)^2 = 0. 028224 ?p = 0. 168 = 16. 8% 5. Consider market portfolio and three risky assets: A, B, and C. Over the next year, only three scenarios of how the economy will develop can happen with equal probability. The table below describes, in each scenario, returns predicted by analysts for the market portfolio and for the three risky assets. Economy Market A B C Boom 17% 11% 3% 2% Mediocre 6% 11% 3% 2% Recession -2% 2% 7% 4% (a) What are the expected returns and the standard deviations of returns from in- vesting into the market portfolio and into each of the three risky assets? E(RM) = (1/3)17% + (1/3)6% + (1/3)-2% = 7%E(RM) = 7% With similar calculations, E(RA) = 8%, E(RB) = 4. 33%, E(RC) =2. 67% (? M)^2 = (1/3)(17% 7%)^2 + (1/3)(6% 7%)^2 + (1/3)(-2% 7%)^2 = 0. 0061 ? M = 0. 0061^0. 5 = 0. 0779 = 7. 79% With similar calculations, ? A = 4. 24%, ? B = 1. 89%, ? C = 0. 94% (b) Covariance of returns of the market portfolio with asset A is where pBoom, pMediocre, and pRecession are the probabilities of the three scenarios to occur. The correlation of returns of the market portfolio with the returns of asset A is _(RM;RA) = Cov(RM;RA) _ (RM) _ (RA) Use the formulas above tend the covariance’s and correlations of returns of assets A, B, and C with the returns of the market portfolio. Using formula, Cov(RM,RA) = 0. 0027, Cov(RM,RB) = -0. 0012, Cov(RM,RC) = -0. 0006 Using formula, ? (RM,RA) = 0. 8171, ? (RM,RB) = -0. 8171, ? (RM,RC) = -0. 8171 (c)What are the betas of assets A, B, and C? ?A = CovAR(RM,RA) / Var(RM) = 0. 0027 / 0. 0061 = 0. 4451? A = 0. 4451 With similar calculations, ? B = -0. 1978, ? C = -0. 0989 (d)If the riskless rate is 3. 5%, what are the expected returns of A, B, and C as predicted by the CAPM? CAPM, E(Ri) = rf + ? i [ E(RM) – rf ] E(RA) = 3. 5% + 0. 4451( 7% 3. 5% ) = 5. 06%E(RA) = 5. 06% With similar calculations, E(RB) = 2. 81%, E(RC) = 3. 15% (e) Draw a graph that contains the riskless asset, the market portfolio, and the three risky assets A, B, and C. Draw the SML in this graph. (f) Find alphas of risky assets A, B, and C. Indicate alphas of each risky asset in the alpha(A) = 8% 5. 06% = 2. 94%, alpha(B) = 4. 33% 2. 81% = 1. 52%, alpha(C) = 2. 67% 3. 15% = -0. 48%